5.  Compared to New England the Chesapeake was a dispersed community  Based on a hierarchical system › Rich land owners › Indented servants › Slaves.  Region been developed on the back of Tobacco  Vast profits over a period of 11 years from 1618  1629 the bottom dropped out of the market

6.  Drop in profits led to a situation whereby  Indentured servants  have no or little money or opportunities to set themselves up as plantation owners  Plantation owners able to survive through › Expanding length of indenture › Increasing punishments for infractions of contract  Renting land,  Selling other crops  From money earned from positions in the local government.

7.  Wealthy landowners also closed up  people forced to either  work as poorly paid and abused servants or  to flee from the local area into the ever expanding backcountry

9.  Bacon  29 year old Cambridge graduate  wealthy English Family  related by marriage to the governor of Virginia Sir William Berkley.  Bacon was given a land grant and also a seat on the council.

10.  Many people outside the wealthy looking for scapegoats for their situation  July 1675 a group was found.  Group of Doeg Indians raided plantation on the outskirts of colony  Plantation of Thomas Mathews  Not a random attack by “wild Indians”  Attempt to get paid for goods that Mathews had obtained from the tribe.

11.  Several Indians killed  herdsman of Mathews plantation killed  Local colonists went after Doeg Indians  Killed ten or more  also killed a number of Susquehannocks  at peace with and regularly traded with the English.  Governor Berkeley stepped in

12.  Attempted to restore order  Ordered investigation  set up meeting between English and Susquehannocks  During meeting local militia killed the chiefs sent to negotiate.  Susquehannocks went on a series of retaliatory attacks  Bacon’s overseer was killed.

13.  Berkeley planned a series of forts to protect the outlying communities.  paid for out of taxes  Outlying planters  Financially strapped by low Tobacco prices  preferred the cheaper option  Outright war to kill all Indians and seize their lands.

14.  Elected Bacon as their leader  April 1676  Led 300 men on an all out attack on the local Indian population  Found only friendly Indians but killed them anyway

15.  Bacon’s popularity high  Legislature passed legislation that › allowed for any Indians to be termed enemies if they left their village without permission from the English › this would then allow their lands and property to be taken.  How would you react if 1000 angry men came charging towards your village?

16.  Rich landowners planned to expand wealth  Governor realized policy not working  ordered the end of hostilities  Bacon returned at the head of his army and rode into Jamestown.  Chased the governor away  Burnt the capital building  offered freedom to any of Berkeley’s supporters, servants or slaves who joined him

17.  Bacon and rebellion was at the height of power  Bacon died › possibly of dysentery  Rebellion was over.  Berkeley regained control › punished Bacon’s supporters severely

18.  English government sent to troops to quell uprising › Virginia at peace long before they arrived.  Authorities recalled Berkeley  New governor implemented some reforms, but also hit rebels hard › executing leaders › imprisoning others  sending message that rebellion was never justified, no matter what the provocation.  long term effect Indian frontier again pushed back.

19. 1. Instability on frontier, mixing of freed servants, blacks, Indians; taxes high, discontent over spending priorities, so rebellion a symbol of class conflict 2. lower death rates and immigration of royalists meant social mobility falling, est of First Families of Va – even Bacon excluded 3. Bacon as popular democratic hero, struggling vs tyranny – failure leads to ‘end of American Independence’

20.  Indian – White relations at low ebb by 1670s.  Treaties with Indians not kept  Metacom – named ‘King Philip’ by whites, chief of Wampanoags,  Specific grievances › loss of tribal lands › effect of alcohol and guns on people › Puritan treatment of ‘praying Indians’  confined to praying villages, taken away from homes and families

21.  War probably planned by Metacom  betrayed by Christian Indian, John Sassamon  Sassamon murdered › seen as evidence his warnings were correct  3 Wampanoag Indians tried and executed for his murder › real suspicion directed at King Philip  Puritans mount pre-emptive strike vs Wampanoag in late 1675

22.  Wampanoags have better of initial skirmishes  Nipmuc, Narragansett, Pocasset and Pocomtuck joining in – general Indian war  War drags on in to 1676  Indians unable to fight long war › lack supplies and planning  English re-group, re-supply, and counter-attack  capture and kill King Philip

23.  3000 Indians killed (50% of popn) › loss of tribal leaders › exile of many Indians to west › captives sold into slavery › remaining tribes confined to praying villages  End Indian threat in New England

24.  cost £100,000 › came close to bankrupting many colonies  2500 white settlers killed, (10% of white men of fighting age)  damaged 52 of 90 settlements in New England › totally destroyed 12

25.  Psychological pain  ‘so dreadful a judgment’  warning from God  yet victory shows God still on white side  White settlement restricted, doesn’t reach 1675 levels again until 1710

26.  1670s threatened but ultimately confirmed English control over the Native Americans › 1680 sees Pueblo revolt for Spanish Also  Va and NE still developing and finding their feet  1670s show tensions between new and old settlers

28.  1) The Carolinas  1663 territory to the south of Virginia granted to eight politically powerful individuals › 6 also directors of the Royal African Company – would be important in the growth of the region  Colony named Carolina in honor of Charles II  Popular with planters from Barbados, where land was limited.

29.  Established new capital at Charles Town 1670,  planters grew rice and indigo and began importing large numbers of African slaves.  2) New York  1664 became New York from New Amsterdam  Many Dutch merchants remained in New York, & Dutch influence over language and culture lingered

30.  3) Pennsylvania and New Jersey  Both proprietary colonies like Carolina and New York, no charter, proprietor effectively a self ruling prince.  William Penn granted colony to repay a debt owed by Charles II to Penn's father.  Penn = Quaker, a religious dissident, potential troublemaker.  New colony lets Charles II get rid of large numbers of Quakers.

31.  1681 Philadelphia ‘brotherly love’ founded  Fastest growing in America  Policy of total religious toleration,  Attracted religious migrants from Europe.  Good relations with local Indians. ‘Walking purchase’  Penn attempted a Holy Experiment not unlike Puritans but more tolerant, emphasis on personal morality  Did not prevent political problems between Penn and the settlers,  Charter of Privileges in 1701 giving the assembly rights over legislation.

32.  Indian – White relations at low ebb by 1670s.  Treaties with Indians not kept  Metacom – named ‘King Philip’ by whites, chief of Wampanoags,  Specific grievances › loss of tribal lands › effect of alcohol and guns on people › Puritan treatment of ‘praying Indians’  confined to praying villages, taken away from homes and families

33.  War probably planned by Metacom  betrayed by Christian Indian, John Sassamon  Sassamon murdered › seen as evidence his warnings were correct  3 Wampanoag Indians tried and executed for his murder › real suspicion directed at King Philip  Puritans mount pre-emptive strike vs Wampanoag in late 1675

34.  Wampanoags have better of initial skirmishes  Nipmuc, Narragansett, Pocasset and Pocomtuck joining in – general Indian war  War drags on in to 1676  Indians unable to fight long war › lack supplies and planning  English re-group, re-supply, and counter-attack  capture and kill King Philip

35.  3000 Indians killed (50% of popn) › loss of tribal leaders › exile of many Indians to west › captives sold into slavery › remaining tribes confined to praying villages  End Indian threat in New England

36.  cost £100,000 › came close to bankrupting many colonies  2500 white settlers killed, (10% of white men of fighting age)  damaged 52 of 90 settlements in New England › totally destroyed 12

37.  Psychological pain  ‘so dreadful a judgment’  warning from God  yet victory shows God still on white side  White settlement restricted, doesn’t reach 1675 levels again until 1710

38.  1670s threatened but ultimately confirmed English control over the Native Americans › 1680 sees Pueblo revolt for Spanish Also  Va and NE still developing and finding their feet  1670s show tensions between new and old settlers

39.  Restoration of crown under Charles II in 1660  Royal government wants to tighten control of the colonies  particularly the north  1 st step the passing of Navigation Acts of 1660

40.  Restricted all trade with the empire to ships built in England or its colonies  High value commodities, that produced tax revenue, were ‘enumerated’ › That is they had to be shipped to England alone  Non-English European goods had to be imported through England  Aimed at introducing control and mercantilism › i.e. colonies exist to enrich homeland

41.  1684 English Government revokes Massachusetts bay charter  Annulled the charters of Connecticut and Rhode Island  In 1686, Charles II with no son dies, his brother James II becomes King  Announces the Dominion of New England 1686

42.  Included all of New England’s former colonies  New York and New Jersey added  Ruled over by on English Royal Governor  No elected body for Boston  Planned to be one of two super colonies

43.  1686 Andros arrives in Boston  Brings two companies of Redcoats  Leads attacks on Puritans  Congregational meeting houses used for Church of England services  Reintroduced Christmas and maypoles  Claimed the power to revoke land grants and power to assess rent on new distribution

44.  Andros increases taxes  effectively taxation without representation enforces Navigation Acts  appoints cronies to high office  rules with absolutist air ‘either you are subjects or you are rebels’  Widespread fear of French in Canada, stirring up Indians,  Suspicion of James’s pro-French policies  Louis XIV not seen as good role model.

45.  King James has Catholic son  Whigs and Tories invite William of Orange (stadholder in Netherlands)  James flees to France  William & Mary take English throne  English throne again becomes Protestant

46.  Indians start to harass settlements in Northern New England  Andros sends troops north, leaving Boston defenceless, troops mutiny at Saco River, April 1689.  Popular uprising, led by elite merchants and puritans, who feared an uprising led by mob  Andros unable to secure any support, flees to city fort

47.  Downfall of Andros in 1688/9 encourages Dutch resurgence in New York  Led by Jacob Leisler  Dutch merchant, overlooked for official position by Andros

48.  Leisler rules New York 1689-91  Professes loyalty to William  but refuses to hand over control to English officials in 1691.  Crushed by English forces  Leisler hanged for treason.  Harsh reprisals vs Dutch  Message - rebellion not tolerated.  Decline of Dutch culture accelerated

49.  Power vacuum – Council of Safety established to manage affairs until return of charters and guidance from William  Charters returned 1691, but Massachusetts Bay became Royal Colony  New governor Sir Wm Phipps = merchant, not puritan.  Religious toleration established, franchise changed to property qualification rather than religious one  Confirmed end of puritan experiment

50.  Does not mean the end of Puritans just end of their domination over the region  Other issues also threaten the Puritans  Deaths affect concept › John Winthrop 1649 › John Davenport 1670 › Ann Bradstreet 1672 › Roger Williams 1683  A new generation is taking charge  Most members of the ministry now educated at Harvard not Cambridge

52.  Now we are going to look at the events that occurred between June – September 1692 in a New England town  During this period 19 men and women were carted to Gallows Hill for hanging  Another man pressed to death under heavy stones  Dozens languished in jail for months without trials.  Then, almost as soon as it had begun, the hysteria that swept through Puritan Massachusetts ended.

53.  Why did this travesty of justice occur?  Why did it occur in where it did?  Nothing about this tragedy was inevitable.  Only an unfortunate combination of › an ongoing frontier war › economic conditions › congregational strife › teenage boredom › personal jealousies  can account for the accusations, trials, and executions that occurred in the spring and summer of 1692 in Salem