1. By J. Fraser Mustard Founding President, CIAR October 17, 2003 The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis and The McKnight Foundation in Cooperation with University of Minnesota Early Child Development – Canadian Experience

2. 03-073 The Canadian Institute for Advanced Research CIAR

3. 03-076 CIAR - Programs Population Health Human Development

4. 03-077 Why Are Some People Healthy And Others Not? Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations

5. 03-063 HEALTH

6. 00-063 Historical Industrial Revolution and Population Health in the West Tom McKeown - 25% public health - 75% better nutrition Robert Fogel - Major factor better nutrition of children - Early childhood set risks for chronic diseases of adults - Better quality of population improved economic growth

7. 01-024 0.2 0.6 1 1.4 1.8 1850187018901910 160 162 164 166 168 170 Height (cm) Deaths/1,000 Population Income/Capita Height Income/Capita Deaths/1,000 Population Relative Index 1850=1 Year Economic Development and Health Holland 1850 - 1910

8. 92-050 Mortality by Social Class V IV III II I 1951 1971 1981 180 140 100 60 Class Marmot in “Class and Health” 1986 Standard Mortality Ratios

9. U.K. CIVIL SERVICE Mortality - All Causes 4 8 12 16 24 6 8 10 0 Year of Follow-up Other Clerical Professional/ Executive Administrative 0 Cumulative Mortality 91-068

10. 90-068 Job Control and Coronary Heart Disease HIGH LOW HIGH R. Karasek and T. Theorell, Healthy Work: Stress Productivity and the Reconstruction of Working Life, 1990. 2.8 2.0 0.0 4.5 4.0 4.4 6.8 6.6 10.4 3.2 12.8 20.0 Job Control Job Demand

11. 03-094 Age Adjusted Odds Ratios CHD - Whitehall Study Civil Service Grade HIGHLOW Non-Adjusted Adjusted Work Risk Factors Fully 1.00 1.50 1.18 1.30 0.95 Marmot, BMJ, 1997

12. 00-076 Life Cycle and Health In Utero - Barker et al Early Years - Power and Hertzman Adult Life - Marmot et al Biological embedding in the early years

13. 00-069 Health Problems Related to Early Life Coronary Heart Disease Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Obesity Blood Pressure Aging and Memory Loss Mental Health (depression)

14. 01-010 ‘ "Follow up through life of successive samples of birth has pointed to the crucial influence of early life on subsequent mental and physical health and development." Acheson, Donald -,1998 Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health

15. 03-131 NEUROSCIENCE

16. 00-078 Brain Plasticity in Early Years 1. Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis - regulation of cortisol memory, diabetes, heart disease, behaviour 2. Autonomic nervous system blood pressure, respiration 3. Sensing pathways vision, sound, touch etc.

17. 03-078 Stimuli switch on genetic pathways - Differentiate neuron function Stimuli affect the formation of the connections (synapses) among the billions of neurons Experience and Brain Development

18. 03-079 Eye cataracts at birth prevent development of vision neurons in the occipital cortex Vision - Hubel & Wiesel

19. 03-089 5-HTT Gene and Depression Age 26 No AbuseModerate AbuseSevere Abuse.30.50.70 A. Caspi, Science, 18 July 2003, Vol 301. Depression Risk LL SS SL S = Short Allele L = Long Allele Early Childhood

20. Interaction of the Brain and Immune System Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Immune Organs Locus Ceruleus CRF ACTH Cortisol Cytokines Sympathetic Nervous system Vagus Nerve Adrenal Gland Immune Cells CRF 03-110

21. 03-065 BEHAVIOUR

22. 01-009 ‘ Tremblay, R. - Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations, 1999 "The origin of these behavior problems can be traced back to fetal development and infancy. High quality care-giving support … during the first three years … reduces … the seriousness of behavior problems."

23. 02-011 Martin Teicher Scientific American, 2002 "The aftermath … can appear as depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts or post-traumatic stress - or as aggression, impulsiveness, delinquency, hyperactivity or substance abuse."

24. 02-041 Substance Abuse and Childhood Abuse 0 1.0 1.0 1 2.7 2.0 2 2.9 4.0 3 3.6 4.9 4+ 4.7 7.4 Exposure to Child Abuse * Odds Ratios for Drug and Alcohol Use Drugs Alcohol Scale: 0 none 4 intense *

25. 03-064 LEARNING

26. 02-036 Intervention Studies Grantham-McGregor Abecedarian Ypsilanti Osborn and Milbank Bergmann - France Other (World Bank Report) Compatible with biological and animal studies

27. 03-086 1970 British Birth Cohort Preschooling improved performance in school system The effects of preschooling persist Egerton and Bynner (2001) Benefits children in all social classes

28. REVERSING THE REAL BRAIN DRAIN Early Years Study Final Report April 1999 Co-chairs: Hon. Margaret Norrie McCain & J. Fraser Mustard 99-113

29. -1.5-0.50.00.51.01.5 Socioeconomic Status 0 10 20 30 40 Vulnerable Children Aged 4 to 6 – NLSCY 1998 Rest of Canada Ontario Prevalence of Vulnerable Children 03-018

30. 01-053 Odds - Ratio for Children's (0-5) Cognitive and Behaviour Problems Parenting (vs good) Authoritarian Permissive Inadequate Parents Read to Child Local Support 1.53 1.23 1.85 0.92 0.93 2.01 1.80 2.14 0.96 1.00 Cognitive Behaviour

31. 99-004 0123456 parent-oriented child-oriented Source of Brain Stimulation age Components of Early Childhood Development and Parenting Centres: ECD & care (parental and non-parental) arrangements Play-based learning Resources Prenatal & postnatal supports Nutrition programs

32. LITERACY 03-115

33. 02-001 0 600 1200 12162024283236 High SES Middle SES Low SES Age - Months Vocabulary Growth – First 3 Years B. Hart & T. Risley, Meaningful Differences in Everyday Experiences of Young American Children, 1995 Vocabulary

34. 01-040 Five Levels of Literacy Level 1: Level 2: Level 3: Level 4 and 5: indicates persons with very poor skills. people can deal with material that is simple is considered a suitable minimum for coping with the demands of everyday life describe people who demonstrate command of higher-order processing skills

35. 02-061 Document Literacy 1994 – 1998, Ages 16 to 55 Level 1 and 2 Level 4 and 5 Sweden Canada Australia United States Chile 23% 42% 43% 48% 85% 34% 23% 17% 18% 3%

36. 00-085 Chile Canada Netherlands Sweden 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310 330 350 05101520 International Mean Mean scores Parents’ Education (years) Socioeconomic Gradients for Document Literacy Scores

37. 00-042 Sociocultural Gradients for Language Scores By Country Cuba Argentina Brazil Columbia Chile Parents' Education - Years 14 8 12 16 200 240 280 320 360 Language Score

38. Socioeconomic Gradients for Canada and the United States Socioeconomic Status Reading Level Reading Score 400 600 500 -2012 I II III IV 03-122 OECD United States Canada

39. OUTCOME MEASURES 03-116

40. 03-085 Early Development Instrument (EDI) Physical health and well-being Communication skills and general knowledge Social knowledge and competence Emotional health/maturity Language and cognitive development

41. Percentage of Children Scoring in Bottom 10% by District 6-11% 12-18% 19-24% 25-30% 31-38% Data unavailable Early Development Instrument, Collection February 2000 02-065

42. Percentage Grade 4 Students Below Numeracy Expectations Source: Ministry of Education 0-11% 12-22% 23-34% 35-46% 47-58% 02-064

43. 00-117 First Ministers therefore agree to work together so that young children can fulfill their potential to be healthy, safe and secure, ready to learn, and socially engaged and responsible. In support of this common goal, governments will improve and expand early childhood development programs and services over time. First Ministers’ Meeting, Government of Canada, September 11, 2000

44. 03-067 Ontario Government “Integrating all of our early development programs under the new Minister for Human Development.” The Road Ahead, Ont. PC’s, 2003

45. 00-068 ECD Human Development Economic Growth EducationHealth Social Capital Equality

46. 02-018 From Early Child Development To Human Development * World Bank Report, 2002

47. 01-039 www.founders.net To download this presentation, go to: Slides - Slide Shows