1. REPUBLICAN ASCENDANCY: THE JEFFERSONIAN VISION
America: Past and Present
Chapter 8

2. Republican Identities in a New Republic
An age of rapid population growth
7.2 million in 1810; two million more than 1800
20% black slaves
children under 16 the largest single group
Strong regional identities
Early secession movements threaten national unity

3. North America in 1800

4. Westward the Course of Empire
Intense migration to West after 1790
New States
Kentucky--1792
Tennessee--1796
Ohio--1803
Western regional culture rootless, optimistic 2

5. Native American Resistance
Western settlers compete for Indian land
Indians resist
Tecumseh leads Shawnees, defeated
Creeks defeated
Settlers reject Indian-White coexistence 3

6. Commercial Life in the Cities
Economy based on agriculture and trade
American shipping prospers
Cities associated with international trade, otherwise marginal role in national life
Industrialization and mechanization just beginning to frighten skilled craftsmen 4

7. Jefferson as President
Jefferson personifies Republicanism’s contradictions
Despises ceremonies and formality
Dedicated to intellectual pursuits
A politician to the core
Success depends on cooperation with Congress 5

8. Jeffersonian Reforms Priority to cutting federal debt, taxes
Federal expenses trimmed by cutting military
Reduction of the army removes threat to Republican government
Competent bureaucrats retained regardless of party
Federalists retire from public life
Ambitious Federalists become Republicans 6

9. The Louisiana Purchase
1801--France buys Louisiana from Spain
1803--Jefferson sends a mission to France to buy New Orleans
Napoleon offers to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million
Constitution vague on Congressional authority to purchase
Purchase departs from Republican principle of strict separation 7

10. The Louisiana Purchase (2)
Louisiana inhabitants French & Spanish
Jefferson denies them self-rule
Louisiana governed from Washington
Another Jeffersonian departure from Republicanism 9

11. The Lewis and Clark Expedition
Lewis and Clark Expedition commissioned prior to purchase of Louisiana
Expedition left St. Louis May 1804 and reached the Pacific Ocean November 1805
Report on Louisiana’s economic promise confirms Jefferson's desire to purchase 8

12. The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and Clark

13. Conflict With the Barbary States
North African states demand tribute from ships sailing in Mediterranean
Jefferson dispatches U.S. fleet to “negotiate through the mouth of a cannon”
U.S. cannot defeat the Barbary States
Action induces respect for U.S. rights 10

14. The Barbary States

16. Jefferson’s Critics Dispute over federal court system
Conflicts between Republicans
Sectional dispute over the slave trade 11

17. Attack on the Judges: Judiciary Act
Judiciary Act of creates new circuit courts filled with loyal Federalists
1802--Jeffersonians repeal Judiciary Act of 1801 to abolish courts
Federalists charge violation of judges’ Constitutional right of tenure 12

18. Attack on the Judges: Marbury v. Madison
Marbury v. Madison (1803) rules Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional
Federalist Marbury denied his judgeship
Republicans claim victory
Chief Justice John Marshall ensures Federalist influence through judicial review 13

19. Attack on the Judges: Impeachments
1803--Federalist John Pickering impeached, removed for alcoholism, insanity
Republicans begin fearing the destruction of an independent judiciary
Jefferson exacerbates fears by seeking to impeach Federalist Samuel Chase
Republican Senate refuses to convict 14

20. Politics of Desperation: “Tertium Quids”
"Tertium Quids" claim pure Republicanism
Attack Jefferson as sacrificing virtue for pragmatism 15

21. Politics of Desperation: The Yazoo Controversy
fraudulent land case in Georgia
Jefferson attempts to settle by providing land to innocent parties
Quids complain settlement condones fraud
Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
Marshall court upholds Jefferson’s settlement
court may nullify unconstitutional state laws

22. Murder and Conspiracy: The Curious Career of Aaron Burr
Vice-President Aaron Burr breaks with Jefferson
1804--Burr seeks Federalist support in 1804 New York governor’s race
Alexander Hamilton blocks Burr’s efforts
Burr kills Hamilton in a duel 16

23. The Burr Conspiracy Burr flees West after Hamilton duel
Schemes to invade Spanish territory
Burr arrested, tried for treason
John Marshall acquits on Constitutional grounds of insufficient evidence
Precedent makes it difficult for presidents to use charge of treason as a political tool 17

24. The Slave Trade Congress prohibits slave trade after 1808
Northern Republicans call for emancipation of any black smuggled into the U.S.
Southern Republicans win passage of law to hand such persons over to state authorities 18

25. Embarrassments Overseas
1803--England and France resume war
American ships subject to seizure
by England through “Orders in Council"
by Napoleon through Berlin, Milan Decrees
Jefferson refuses war to preserve financial reform
Embargo--Jefferson’s alternative to war 19

26. Embargo Divides the Nation
1807--Congress prohibits U.S. ships from leaving port
Purpose: to win English, French respect for American rights
Embargo unpopular at home
detailed government oversight of commerce
army suppresses smuggling
New England economy damaged 20

28. A New Administration Goes to War
1808--James Madison elected President
1809--Embargo repealed in favor of Non-Intercourse Act
U.S. will resume trade with England and France on promise to cease seizure of U.S. vessels 21

29. A New Administration Goes to War (2)
Madison reopens English trade on unconfirmed promise of British minister
English reject agreement, seize U.S. ships that opened trade with England

30. A New Administration Goes to War (2)
Macon’s Bill Number Two replaces the Non-Intercourse Act
Trade with both England and France reestablished
First nation to respect American rights wins halt of U.S. trade with the other
Napoleon promises to observe U.S. rights but reneges when trade reopened 22

31. Fumbling Toward Conflict
Tecumseh’s Western campaign seen as supported by British
Congressional War Hawks demand war on England to preserve American honor
June 1, 1812, Madison sends Congress a declaration of war
War aims vague 23

33. The Strange War of 1812: Early Course
Americans unprepared for war
Congress refuses to raise wartime taxes
New England refuses to support war effort
United States Army small
state militias inadequate
1813--U.S. wins control of Great Lakes in Battle of Put-In Bay 24

34. Strange War of 1812: The War’s Conclusion
1814--three-pronged English attack
campaign from Canada to Hudson River Valley stopped at Lake Champlain
campaign in the Chesapeake results in burning of Washington, siege of Baltimore
campaign for New Orleans thwarted by Andrew Jackson, January, 1815
Treaty of Ghent signed December, 1814 25

35. The War of 1812

36. Hartford Convention: The Demise of the Federalists
Federalists convene December, 1814
Proposed Constitutional changes to lessen power of South and West
Treaty of Ghent, victory of New Orleans makes Convention appear disloyal
Federalist party never recovers 26

37. Treaty of Ghent Ends the War
Most problems left unaddressed
Senate unanimously ratifies Treaty of Ghent
Americans claim success in a "second war of independence" 27

38. Republican Legacy Founders begin to pass away in 1820s
Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both die July 4, 1826
James Madison dies in 1836
despairs that Declaration’s principles not yet extended to African Americans 28