1. The Basic Organization of Living Forms ESC 556 Environmental Biology Week 2

2. Fundamentals of Life Characteristics of Life Living matter vs. Inanimate matter Cellular organisation Nutrition Growth Respiration Responsiveness Movement Excretion Reproduction Catabolism vs. Anabolism

3. The Flame of Life Analogies Respire Nutrition Reproduce Excrete Grows Moves Responsiveness Organized Differences DNA/RNA Anabolic Metabolism

4. The Cell Smallest Unit of Life prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells Membrane bound nucleus Organelles Size differences Surface Area / Volume Ratio

5. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Differences: Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Genetic material transfer

6. Cell Membrane Separate the cell from its environment Lipid bilayer w/ proteins Attachment Movement of water & other bulk items Transport of molecules & ions Reception of chemical messages Passive transport Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitative diffusion Active transport (pumps) Endocytosis Phagocytosis, pinocytosis

7. Endocytosis

8. Plant Cell Walls Cellulose Hemicelluloses Pectin Lignin Organic material Highest in high latititudes

9. Plant Cell Wall

10. Energy Transformations Growth, maintenance and replication 1 st & 2 nd Laws of Thermodynamic Photosynthesis Enzymes ATP (Adenine triphosphate)

11. Photosynthesis & Respiration 3 Bya: Capture photons and synthesize organic molecules 2 – 1.5 Bya: Release Oxygen Respiration Formula: 6CO 2 +12H 2 O + Light  6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6H 2 O Chlorophyll Chloroplast Inefficient

12. Photosynthesis

13. Enzymes

14. Materials of Life 97 % N, O, C, H 90 & H and O  Water Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

15. Water ¾ of the earth’s surface 2/3 of all organisms Three forms Polar molecule Universal solvent Adhesion – transport systems Stable against temperature changes – high heat of vaporization Most dense @ 4 o C

16. Carbohydrates Small molecules to long polymers Energy storage Sugars (CH 2 O) n Short term Monosaccharides Isomers Long Term Disaccharides & Polysaccharides Polysaccharide Glucose

17. Carbohydrates Structural Elements Polysaccharide cellulose Polysaccharide chitin Cellulases

18. Lipids Non-polar Many different kinds Fats Storage of energy Phospholipids Cell membrane Polar + non-polar groups : Lipid bilayer Terpenes Steroids

19. Proteins Various functions Fibres, enzymes, hormones, transport, ion-binding, toxins Chain of amino acid subunits (polypeptide) 20 amino acids

20. Nucleic Acids Information storage Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & Ribonucleic acid (RNA) DNA Replicate itself Pass on hereditary material Nucleotides DNA structure Sugar-phosphate backbone Four bases

21. Nucleic Acids DNA structure

22. Nucleic Acids/DNA

23. Nucleic Acids RNA Read the DNA & produce proteins Structure Ribose Uracil instead of thymine

24. From DNA - Proteins

25. Genetic Code

26. The Diversity of Life At least 10 million species 1.5 million described

27. Levels of Organization Individual Unitary vs. Modular Population Defined area Community Physical feature of the habitat or dominant species Ecosystem Interaction between communities & their environment Material recycling

28. Species concept Species Morphological species concept identical by morphological (anatomical) criteria Biological species concept groups of potentially or actually interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups Isolating mechanisms Habitat, seasonal, behavioral, mechanical, gamete, hybrid failure Problems with fossil & asexual species Hybrid problem Evolutionary/Phylogenetic species concept All those individuals that share a common evolutionary history

29. Phylogenetic relationships

30. Evolutionary/Phylogenetic species

31. Classification & the Binomial System Linnaeus Felis catus Ranks

32. Ranks / Taxonomic Hierarchy Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Felis catus

33. Three Domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya prokaryotes eukaryotes

34. Bacteria vs. Archaea Peptidoglycan layer

35. Six Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaeabacteria Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista prokaryotes eukaryotes

36. Six Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaeabacteria Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

37. Protists Multicellularity evolved multiple times independently

38. Animalia Blastula Multicellular heterotrophs Tripoblasty Ectoderm Endoterm Mesoderm Movement Tube-within-tube Complex nervous systems

39. Plantae Photosynthesis Cell wall Sessile 350,000 species Land plants

40. Land Plants Nonvascular Vascular Gymnosperms Angiosperms

41. Fungi Heterotrophs Absorb their food Cell walls Spores Decomposition

42. Evolution of Kingdoms