1. French Revolution

2. King Louis XVI His grandfather Louis XIV was the ultimate “absolutist” king. This king was weak He had little control He called for the Estates General to fix the economic problems

3. Causes of the French Revolution Although people were starving and the country was broke, the royal family flaunted their wealth and uncaring.

4. First Estate: clergy Second Estate: nobility Third Estate: the rest of society The Three Estates: Ancient Regime Cartoon depicting the three Estates

5. 3 rd Estate – Divided into 3 The Bourgeoisie – Middle class included bankers, merchants and manufacturers The bulk of the 3 rd estate were made up of rural landowners and peasants. Finally, the poorest members were the urban (City) workers Like printers, clothe makers, porters, construction workers and Street sellers.

6. Three Estates

7. Land Ownership

8. 3 rd Estate: Economic Injustices Paid all taxes Bad harvests caused food prices to rise. Peasants and city dwellers did not have enough to eat. Best land owned by 1 st and 2 nd estate Costly wars: Seven Years War Royal extravagance

9. Social Inequality Lack of rights Did not have hunting rights Did not Religious freedom Lack of respect Government jobs: 2 nd estate Education

10. English and American Examples Glorious Revolution American Revolution Both provided an example of how to challenge the existing authority.

11. New ideas about society and government The Social Contract Democracy The Enlightenment John Locke Jean-Jacques Rousseau

12. Estates General meets Estates General is called by Louis XVI Tried to solve economic problems 3 rd estate declares itself the National Assembly

13. The Tennis Court Oath The National Assembly then goes to Louis XVI indoor tennis court to meet and makes an Oath to never stop until they wrote a constitution. After many clergy and nobles start to join the National Assembly, Louis grudgingly accepts it.

14. Creating a New France Stages of Revolution National Assembly (1789- 1791) Reign of Terror (1792- 1793) Directory (1795- 1799) Age of Napoleon (1799- 1815)

15. Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789 Y A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly. (French Independence Day) Y 18 died. Y 73 wounded. Y 7 guards killed. Y It held 7 prisoners [5 ordinary criminals & 2 madmen].

16. The Great Fear: Peasant Revolt (July 20, 1789) Y Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristos] were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land.

17. Adopted by National Assembly on August 27th Enlightenment ideals Outlined basic freedoms held by all Asserted the sovereignty of the people “ Libert é, Egalit é, Fraternit é” Liberty, Equality and Fraternity the motto of the French Revolution The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (established limited monarchy)

18. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen 1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. 2. ….These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression…. 6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative….All citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law...

19. Financial crisis National Assembly confiscates and sells off church lands Church also secularized, reorganized Clergy oath of loyalty Civil Constitution of the Clergy Cartoon depicting the confiscation of Church lands

20. Reforms of the National Assembly Abolish feudal dues, set up a fair tax system, education system, abolish privileges of 1 st and 2 nd estates ( job opportunities and hunting rights) Abolish all titles of nobility Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen gives the men natural rights denied by the monarchy. Civil Constitution of the Clergy Ancient Regime is going to be abolished/ no more estates Set up a limited Monarchy

21. Paris mob stormed Tuileries Louis and family seek aid of Legislative Assembly Arrested and deposed The Radicals Take Over Paris crowds storm the Tuileries

22. Jean-Paul Marat Georges Danton Leaders in the National Convention

23. Lawyer Radical Jacobin Most controversial figure of the French Revolution Sets up the Committee of Public Safety In charge of trials and executions In charge of the levee en masse / war effort Wipe out all opponents of the Revolution Robespierre

24. Created to cease an internal rebellion in 1793 Given dictatorial power Ruled France for nearly a year Designed to stop any opposition to the revolution Kill about 40,000 French citizens The Committee of Public Safety A citizen petitions the Committee of Public Safety

25. The Guillotine Dr. Joseph Guillotin Intended as a more humane method of execution Thousands guillotined during the French Revolution

26. July 1793–July 1794 Executions Death of Robespierre On January 17, 1793, Louis XVI was convicted of treason He went to the guillotine four days later on January 21, 1793 The Reign of Terror The execution of Marie Antoinette

27. Robespierre overthrown on 9 Thermidor Committee of Public Safety dismantled Jacobin clubs disbanded New constitution adopted in August 1795 Executive branch known as the Directory The Thermidorean Reaction 9 Thermidor meeting of the National Convention

28. Promoted middle class interests Financial crisis Food shortages Riots in Paris Rise of Napoleon The Directory Cartoon depicting the errors and bad judgment of the Directory

29. Popularity rises after victories over the Austrians Conflict with Britain 1799 Coup d’etat: violent over throw of the government. The Consulate Plebiscite restores order to France Napoleon Bonaparte

30. The Economy Goals of the Revolution Equal taxation Lower inflation Napoleon’s Action Set up fairer tax code Set up national bank Stabilized economy Gave state loans to businesses Results Equal taxation Stable economy

31. Government and Society Goals of the Revolution Less gov’t corruption Equal opportunity in gov’t Equal access to education Napoleon’s Actions Appoints officials by merit Created Napoleonic code Created lycees Created University of France/controls education Results honest officials Public education Equal opportunity in gov’t

32. Religion Goals of the Revolution Less powerful catholic Church Religious toleration Napoleon’s Actions Recognized Catholicism as the faith of the French Signed concordat with Pope Retained seized Church lands Results Religious Toleration Gov’t control of Church lands Gov’t recognition of Church Influence

33. Napoleon’s Three Costly Mistakes The Continental System The Peninsular War Against Spain and Portugal The Invasion of Russia Scorched earth policy Loss of about 300,000 to 400,000 men

34. The Congress of Vienna Prince Klemens von Metternich Restore Balance of Power Based on Legitimacy: under the principle of legitimacy, rulers disposed by Napoleon are returned to power Makes fair settlements and produces a lasting peace. Redraw the borders of France to the pre revolution borders.

35. Napoleon’s Contributions to Europe Napoleonic code Spread the ideals of the French Revolution: equality Nationalism