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Expanding Horizons Chapter 6
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Early Exploration See Worksheet 6.1 Make sure you know the following:
Reasons for seeking sea routes New technologies that aided exploration Importance of Henry the Navigator Purpose of the Line of Demarcation
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Goals for Exploration and who explored for them
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Portugal Trade is number one goal Mostly focused in Indian Ocean
Colonization later becomes necessary Brazil is only South American Colony
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Bartholomeu Dias From Portugal
Explored Southern tip of Africa, Successes Named Cape of Good Hope Proved ships could reach East Asia by sailing around Africa. Controversies None noted
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Vasco de Gama from Portugal
Explored India Along east coast of Africa Successes Regarded as national hero in Portugal Pioneered a water route to Asia Controversies Failed to convince Muslim merchants to trade with Portugal
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Pedro Alvarez Cabral From Portugal
Explored Africa Asia Brazil Successes Established trade routes along India’s coast Colonized Brazil Controversies Bloody war with Muslim merchants along the Indian Ocean.
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Ferdinand Magellan From Portugal
Explored Atlantic Ocean to South America Pacific Ocean Successes Narrow water named Strait of Magellan, Completed the first circumnavigation. Controversies Executed a Captain who Instigated the mutiny, his ships wrecked, Magellan was killed in the Philippines
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Spain Acquire Wealth- mining for gold/silver
Convert natives to Christianity Explorers are known as Conquistadors
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Christopher Columbus From Italy but sailed for Spain
Explored What he believed to be India, China We later know that it was present day America Successes First person to cross the Atlantic Ocean, and he found gold Columbian Exchange Controversies The crew was scared that they wouldn’t find land.
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Amerigo Vespucci From Italy
Explored The Americas Successes He suggested that Columbus found a “New World.” America is named after him Controversies Disproving Christopher Columbus’ claims
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Francisco Pizarro From Spain
Explored South America Successes Establishing a Spanish Colony in present day Peru by defeating the Incan Empire Captured Atahualpa Controversies Massacred thousands of Inca
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Hernan Cortes From Spain
Explored Mexico area around Aztecs Aided by Malinche Successes Became ruler of Mexico. Established Spanish colony He found gold Controversies Defeated Montezuma II Killed many Aztecs
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Netherlands Acquire Natural Resources Expand Commerce
Dutch East India Company monopolized trade around Indonesia
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Henry Hudson From England but sailed for the Dutch
Explored Atlantic coast of North America Successes Claimed New Amsterdam for the Dutch Controversies The Dutch power was declining, because of England’s leading nation
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France Late in exploration because of religious conflict
Sought quick profits from trade rather than long term investing They have some trading posts in West Indies and India but majority is in North America (Canada) Christianizing Missionaries sent to Canada to convert Natives
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Samuel de Champlain From France
Explored The Americas Successes Founded Quebec Opened area up for more exploration Controversies None noted
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Jacques Cartier From France
Explored Eastern Canada Successes Claimed much of eastern Canada for France Named Montreal Controversies None Noted
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England Colonization Acquire Raw Materials Defeat Spanish
Settlers colonized while looking for Religious freedom Acquire Raw Materials Defeat Spanish They did not focus on Christianizing natives English East India Company monopolized trade around India
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John Cabot from Italy but sailed for England
Explored Canada Successes Claimed Newfoundland for England. Controversies None noted
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Sir Francis Drake From England
Explored Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea for Spanish ships. Successes Retrieved gold and silver for England. Controversies Raided the Spanish ships in order to get the gold and silver.
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Effects of Exploration
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Columbian Exchange Exchange of goods and ideas between the Old world and the New World
Credited to Christopher Columbus’ first journey to the New world
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Correct Answers for Columbian Exchange
Banana Carnations Chickens Coffee Daisies Dandelion Horses Influenza Olives Oranges Peaches Pigs Rice Smallpox Sugarcane Wheat Alpaca Avocado Beans Cacao Corn Cotton Marigolds Peanuts Poinsettias Potatoes Pumpkins Rubber Syphilis Tobacco Tomatoes Turkeys
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Triangle Trade and the Middle Passage
6.2 Continued Triangle Trade and the Middle Passage
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Triangle Trade Three way trade between Europe, Africa and the Americas
Americas to Europe Raw Materials Europe to Africa Manufactured goods Africa to Americas Slaves
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Effects on Native Populations
Colonial leaders who were born in Spain or Portugal Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos, Natives and Africans Many natives converted to Christianity. Made connections with native cultures to tie into Christian beliefs Some Natives were killed if they did not convert Used natives for slave labor Effects of disease Many native populations were decimated, Up to 80% death rate in some regions. Led to introduction of African slaves Created Encomienda System in Central America Colonial born whites whose parents were both from Spain or Portugal People of mixed ethnicity- one parent was a native or African
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People of Importance
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Atahualpa He was the last ruler of the Incan people.
He came to power by defeating his brother. He was defeated by Pizarro and the Spanish. A priest granted him an easier death for converting to Christianity.
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Malinche She was a slave given to Cortés.
She willingly traveled with him as a translator. She helped Cortés make contact with the Aztec people. She is seen as a traitor by her people.
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Montezuma He was the last ruler of the Aztec people.
He initially welcomed Cortés with gifts of gold. He thought Cortés was their god-king returning. He was defeated by Cortés.
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Bartolome de las Casas He was a Jesuit who traveled with the Conquistadors. He fought to end abuse toward native people. Laws were passed but rarely enforced.
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