1. The Age of Exploration

3. Why explore? …Causes Renaissance = discovery and innovation
Italians control trade with Asia (via Mediterranean)

4. Causes… Missionaries  want to spread their religion
Others: Fame and Glory, Curiosity

5. Why now? Advances in Technology
Compass and Astrolabe (from China)

7. Technology Advances in shipbuilding:
Bigger ships withstand bad weather
The Caravel
Rudder
Lateen Sails

8. Spain and Portugal – first to set sail
Portuguese: Henry the Navigator – set up a school to teach navigation/create maps Goal – find a route around Africa to India Vasco Da Gama – Sailed to India Portugal sets up trade w/ India

10. The Spanish
Columbus – 1492 travels to America (Hispaniola) Amerigo Vespucci – Travels to South America, realizes it’s not Asia

11. Balboa – 1513 crosses Panama first European to see Pacific

12. Ferdinand Magellan
Lead the first expedition around the world, died on the way

13. English
Cabot – 1497 sails to coast of Canada

15. Sir Francis Drake – Went around South America, accidentally sailed around the world

17. Henry Hudson
Searched for Northwest Passage around North America
Found NY and Canada

21. Settlement founded by a “mother country,” usually for profit
Colony:
Settlement founded by a “mother country,” usually for profit

22. Spanish Colonization
Ecomienda system: Settler is given natives as slaves to work the land, he must teach them Christianity

23. Conquistador – Spanish military leaders who fought natives

24. Hernan Cortez Conquistador who conquered the Aztecs
Used Aztec enemies against them
Captured/killed Moctezuma II

26. Francisco Pizarro – Conquistador who killed the Incan Emperor and took over Incan empire

27. The Spanish held Americas

28. Colonization: conquering and maintaining control of a territory

29. Viceroy – Spanish officials in charge of colonial territory

30. Economics of Colonialism
Mercantalism = Colonies exsist to make $$$ for mother country
Spanish colonies mined gold and silver and sent it back to Spain

32. Effects of Ecomienda System
Native populations decrease by 90%
Bartolome de Las Casas – suggests using African slaves instead

33. Portugal Wants Colonies Claims South American Territory
Conflict with Spain
Pope steps in (2x)

34. Treaty of Tordesillas
West of the line = Spanish East of the line = Portuguese

35. Treaty of Tordesillas

36. Colony of Brazil – large plantations, worked by Native and later African Slaves Becomes $$$- maker for Portugal

38. French
“New France” (aka Canada )

39. No gold or silver But… Fish + Fur = $$$ So… No large settlements, mostly trappers/traders

40. Dutch Colony of New Netherland New Amsterdam Focused on other colonies40

41. English
Several small colonies, not money makers – at first

42. The Columbian Exchange
Contact between Europe and Americas leads to plants/animals spreading to new locations

44. Effects of Columbian Exchange
Positive New types of food means better nutrition People live longer
Negative Diseases also spread Significant decreases in the native population (They die, a lot)

45. Effects on Natives
Population Inca 1492 – 13 million 1600 – 2 million Native Americans 1492 – 2 million 1900 – 500,000

46. So, an alternative source of Slaves is needed

47. Mercantilism
Nation’s wealth = Nation’s Strength Wealth = Gold/Silver Strength = ability to fund Military Nations should have complete control of their economy

48. Mercantilism Fixed amount of wealth in the world
2 ways to create wealth:
Colonies
Favorable Balance of trade

49. Favorable Balance of Trade: “Better in than out” more $$$ coming into country than going out high tariffs on imports

50. Colonies exist to create wealth for mother country Colonies should not trade with other countries Colonies should buy from mother country

52. Capitalism
Private ownership of means of production in order to create wealth (profits)

53. Joint-Stock Companies
Investors pool money into one larger business
Buy shares, get that share of profits
Risk only money invested

54. The Atlantic Slave Trade

55. Plantations raise cash crops on a large scale Need cheap labor Natives die a lot African Slaves

56. The Triangle Trade

57. The Middle Passage

58. Effects 15-20 Million Africans enslaved
Western Africa devastated and divided
African Diaspora – diffusion of African Culture around the world