1. 2013 The Last of the Chinese Dynasties and Arrival of Europeans

2. Weaknesses of the Qing Dynasty and How the Europeans Took Advantage of Them

3. Qianlong continued Ming policy of isolation, restricting foreign trade Like Chinese, Manchu saw Chinese civilization, products, as superior, expected foreigners to trade on China’s terms Accepting terms, Dutch began thriving trade in Chinese goods Obtained Chinese porcelain, silk, along with tea—which soon became main Chinese export to Europe Other Europeans tried to change China’s trade restrictions 1793, British Lord George Macartney came to China to discuss expanding trade Chinese found goods he brought inferior to their own products Trade Restrictions Chinese demanded Macartney kowtow to Qianlong; he refused to kneel to emperor, was sent away China was one of most advanced civilizations, but isolation prevented Chinese from keeping up with European advances Isolation Held China Back Qing Foreign Relations

4. By the time of the Xian Fong Emperor's death in 1861, his wife Cixi became the first and only Qing Dynasty Empress to rule from "behind the curtains" ( 垂簾聽政 ).

5. Weakness of the Qing Dynasty (1644 to 1911) Sino-centric philosophy, inability of ruling class to modernize to keep up with rival powers No access to outside world, population felt no nationalism Isolationist policy/lack of trade increased poverty and hurt foreign relations Population explosion brought need for recourses, reforms, and modernization, Qing refused to address the needs of the people http://www.history-of- china.com/qing-dynasty/

6. Weakness of the Qing Dynasty (1644 to 1911) British led opium trade lead to inflation and unease of peasants due to addiction Boxer Rebellion reparations paid to foreign powers, who carved up and divided China Lost Korea and Taiwan, proving ruling dynasty incapable of protecting territories Sun Yat-sen led Republican Revolution in 1911, creating central government, and emphasizing nationalism, democracy, and livelihood Sun Yat-sen http://globalvoicesonline.org/2011/10/13/chi na-reflecting-on-100-years-since-the-xinhai- revolution/

7. Opium Trade

8. Opium Opium was seen by the East India Company as the answer to the trade imbalance. It was a high value item which the company could grow in India. Opium had been traded in small quantities since 900. In the 16 th Century, trade became significant and by 1782, it was a major import item. The Chinese prohibited the importation of opium in 1729, but enforcement was lax. Smuggling was facilitated by bribery. By 1805, opium had reversed the trade imbalance. The surplus was 4 ½ million taels of Silver.

9. Opium Opium was seen by the East India Company as the answer to the trade imbalance. It was a high value item which the company could grow in India. Opium had been traded in small quantities since 900. In the 16 th Century, trade became significant and by 1782, it was a major import item. The Chinese prohibited the importation of opium in 1729, but enforcement was lax. Smuggling was facilitated by bribery. By 1805, opium had reversed the trade imbalance. The surplus was 4 ½ million taels of Silver.

10. Growth of Opium Trade Europeans bought silk, tea, porcelain, and spices from China Chinese would only trade goods for silver Drain on European finances

11. Opium Trade Opium manufactured in China since 15 th century for medical purposes Opium then mixed with tobacco so it could be smoked Dutch were first to begin trade of opium English soon followed Chinese government banned smoking and trade of opium in 1729 due to health and social issues

12. English East India Company Held monopoly on production and export of opium in India Peasant cultivators often coerced and paid in advance for cultivation of poppies Sold in Calcutta for a profit of 400%

13. East India Company Buy tea on credit in Canton Sell opium at auctions in Calcutta, India Then it was smuggled into China through India and Bengal 1797 began direct trade of opium into China Chinese government had hard time controlling trade in South

14. Foreigners were only allowed to trade at the southern port of Guangzhou. Trade balance was in China’s favor. European merchants decide to sell the habit-forming drug opium (a narcotic derived from the opium poppy plant) in China to obtain a favorable trade balance. By 1835, as many as 12million Chinese were addicted The Tea-Opium Connection

15. First Opium War

16. Background to the Opium War China utilized isolationist policy prior to 1830 British companies bought huge amounts of opium to smuggle into China 90% of male population under 40 along the coast was addicted 3,540,450 pounds of opium imported to China in 1832

17. Napier Affair Lord Napier tried to circumvent the Canton Trade laws to reinstitute East India’s monopoly Governor of Macao closed trade with Britain September 2, 1834 British resumed trade under old restrictions

18. Commissioner Lin Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu was appointed in March 1839 to end the opium trade. He did this by terminating all trade until the British surrendered their opium and signed pledges to stop further smuggling. The Superintendent of Trade, Capt Elliott, ordered 21,306 chests to be delivered to Lin. The Lin Zexu Memorial Museum, Macao, China.

19. Pretext for War Capt Elliott objected to individual traders signing pledges to stop the sale of opium as it undermined British jurisdiction over its subjects. In November 1839, a clash occurred between 21 war junks and several British warship over the defection of a ship whose captain had signed a bond and was proceeding to Canton under Chinese protection. The British stopped all trade and the Governor General of India declared war on January 31, 1840.

20. The Opium War 1840-1842 Britain paid for its imports of tea, silk and porcelain mainly with silver. But the growth of the opium habit in China created an outflow of silver from China. The Qing banned the import and smoking of opium.

21. The Opium War 1839-1842 1839: the areas of Canton where British and American merchants were permitted to operate were blockaded 20,000 chests of opium seized and publicly destroyed on the Canton beaches. Britain declared war

22. First Opium War 1834 - 1843 1838 Chinese instituted death penalty for native traffickers of opium March 1839 – new commissioner to control opium trade – Lin Zexu Lin imposed embargo on Britain unless they permanently ended the trade trade

23. First Opium War March 27, 1839 – British Superintendent of Trade – Charles Elliot demanded all British subjects turn over opium to him Opium amounting to a year’s worth of trade was given to Commissioner Lin Trade resumed with Britain and no drugs were smuggled

24. First Opium War Lin demanded British merchants to sign a bond promising not to deal opium under penalty of death Lin disposed of the opium – dissolving it in the ocean Did not realize the impact of this action!

25. First Opium War British merchants and government regarded this as destruction of private property Responded by sending warships, soldiers, and the British India Army into China June 1840 Had superior military force – attacked coastal cities, defeated Qing forces easily

26. Britain declared war. Chinese arms were no match for European technology.

27. The Qing emperor was angry about the drug trade coming from the British. In 1839 the Emperor’s advisor writes a letter to Queen Victoria demanding the drug trade stop. The Opium War breaks out between Britain and China in 1839, but is fought mainly at sea. The Chinese are no match for Britain’s steam- powered gun boats. The Treaty of Nanjing is signed in 1842. War Breaks Out

28. The Opium War (1839-1842) Cause, burning of opium, Lin Zexu Qing ’ s defeat by British humiliated Qing government and the Chinese –“ Treaty of Nanjing ” stipulated China ’ s war compensation in twelve articles one says, “ The island of Hong Kong to be possessed in perpetuity ” by Victoria and her successors, and ruled as they “ shall see fit ” – British merchants and soldiers entered Canton as a result of its opening as a treaty port were with anti-British attacks by rural militias and urban mobs – Violent attackers were met by British reprisals and reciprocal atrocities

29. End of the War British took Canton and sailed up the Yangtze River Took Tax Barges, cut revenue of imperial court of Beijing 1842 Qing sued for peace Ended with Treaty of Nanjing

30. Impact of First Opium War: Treaty of Nanjing

31. The Treaty of Nanjing The First Opium War ended in a decisive defeat for China. The humiliating Treaty of Nanjing resulted. Five ports were opened to foreign trade.

32. Treaty of Nanjing Referred to as the Unequal Treaties – accepted 1843 China – Ceded Hong Kong to the British – Opened ports to British – Canton, Amoy, Fuzhou, Ningbo, Shanghai

33. The Treaty of Nanjing Hong Kong island was ceded to the British. The status of “extraterritoriality” given to her merchants (they were not subject to Chinese laws). Huge reparations were imposed for the destroyed opium.

34. Treaty of Nanjing Great Britain received – 21 million ounces of silver – Fixed tariffs – Extraterritoriality for British citizens on Chinese soil – Most favored nation status – Allowed missionaries into interior of China – Allowed British merchants sphere of influence in and around British ports

35. Treaty of Nanjing Unresolved Issues – Status of opium trade with China – Equivalent American treaty forbade opium trade with China – However, both Americans and British were subject only to the legal trade of their consuls

36. The Treaty of Nanjing The U.S. and France extracted similar concessions two years later 1856: The Second Opium War Renewal of war with Great Britain (later joined by France). China again defeated.

37. British get Hong Kong Results of Treaty of Nanjing

38. Effects of the Opium War Britain received large spoils (indemnity) Britain gains control of Hong Kong China opened 5 ports to foreign trade British citizens in China received extraterritoriality meaning they lived under British Laws and could be tried in British courts Allowed Christian missionaries to preach in China

39. Europeans Encroaching More and More on China

40. More Western Presence Many Chinese began to realize that British army and navy are superior to China ’ s More foreign presence/aggression in China coincided with waves of domestic turbulence, such as the Taiping and Nian

41. Extraterritorial Rights The British enjoyed extraterritorial rights, which meant that British citizens were not subject to Chinese laws, but, if accused of a crime in Chinese trading ports, but would only be tried by British courts. In 1844 the U.S. signed a the Treaty of Wanghia in which American citizens were given extraterritorial rights as well. This arrangement protected Europeans and Americans from prosecution for drug smuggling.

42. Population grew to 430 million by 1850, a 30 percent increase in 60 years. Food production did not keep up with this increase. Discouragement increased opium addiction Chinese began to rebel against the Qing Dynasty Growing Internal Problems

43. Second Opium War or Arrow War

44. Second Opium War 1856 - 1860 Also known as Arrow War Followed incident when Chinese bordered British registered, Chinese owned ship – the Arrow Crew was accused of piracy and smuggling – Were arrested

45. Arrow War The Arrow War or Second Opium War (1856-60) was prompted by the seizure of the lorcha Arrow. The Arrow was flying a British flag used for safe conduct between Canton and Hong Kong. Although released by the Chinese, an appropriate apology was not given. The incident, together with the “judicial murder” of a priest, was considered a convenient opportunity for treaty revision.

46. The advance of foreign intrusion “ Second Opium War, ” or “ Arrow War ” (1856-1860) – British moved jointly with the Americans and French to press for treaty revision – Qing search of British ship, “ Arrow, ” a smuggler ’ s ship furnished British pretext for a new series of military action

47. Second Opium War British claimed ship was flying British flag and was protected under the Treaty of Nanjing War delayed by Taiping Rebellion and Indian Mutiny British attacked Guangzhou one year later Aided by allies of United States, Russia, and France

48. The Conflict The British attacked Canton, but had to wait for reinforcements until the end of the Indian Mutiny. They captured Canton in 1857 and ruled it for three years. When British and French demands for treaty revision led to unsatisfactory Chinese representation, the British attacked the fort at Taku and sailed up the Peiho River to Tianjin. The Treaty of Tienjin was negotiated and signed in this room in a Buddhist Temple.

49. Second Opium War Treaty of Tientsin was created in July 1858 – was not ratified by China until 2 years later Hostilities broke out in 1859 when China refused the establishment of British Embassy in Beijing Fighting erupted in Hong Kong and Beijing – British burned the Summer and Old Summer Palace and looted the city

50. Results of the Violent War Violent war took place in 1859 before the forts of Dagu, where Qing army was defeated Twenty thousand British and French troops entered into Bejing, sacked and burnt the Summer Palace, the famous Yuan-ming-yuan, to the ground Yuanming yuan ruins

51. Treaty of Tienjin The treaty powers were granted the following rights plus a 6 million tael indemnity. – To maintain resident legations in Beijing. – To travel in all parts of the interior with passport. – To trade in ten additional ports, four of which were on the Yangtze River.. – For missionaries to travel and anywhere in China. Additional negotiations in Shanghai legalized the opium trade and revised the tariff schedule. To become effective, ratified copies of the treaty were required to be exchanged in Beijing.

52. Impact of the Second Opium War: Treaty of Tientsin

53. Treaty of Tientsin 1858 Legalized the opium trade Allowed freedom for Christian missionaries Increased ports and trading privileges to Western merchants Imposed further war reparations

54. Treaty of Tientsin 1860 ratified the treaty at the Convention of Peking – Britain, France, Russia and the United States would have the right to station legations in Beijing (a closed city at the time) – Ten more Chinese ports would be opened for foreign trade, including Niuzhuang, Danshui, Hankou and Nanjing – The right of foreign vessels including warships to navigate freely on the Yangtze River

55. Treaty of Tientsin – The right of foreigners to travel in the internal regions of China for the purpose of travel, trade or missionary activities – China was to pay an indemnity to Britain and France in 2 million taels of silver respectively, and compensation to British merchants in 2 million taels of silver. – The Chinese are to be banned from referring to Westerners by the character "yi" (barbarian). – Legalized the import of Opium

56. China Encircled By Imperialist Powers

57. China Encircled In the end of 1850 ’ s, Qing China was encircled by foreign powers – Russia in the northwest — invaded Xinjiang – Japan in the east — occupied the Ryukyu Islands – France in the southeast Asia and southeast China — took Vietnam, laid seige to Ningpo, occupied the Penghu Islands (Pescadores) British soldiers slaughtered boxers

58. Entering Beijing The British and French attempted to sail to Tienjin, but found the fort reinforced and the river blocked. The fort was stormed after reinforcements arrived in 1860. An advanced party of 39 was sent to Beijing only to be captured and held as hostages. Twenty were killed. Lord Elgin burned the Summer Palace in reprisal. The Manchu Bannermen fought to the death defending the fort at Taku..

59. Convention of Beijing The convention was signed in 1860 following the entry of foreign forces into Beijing. The parties were Britain, France and Russia. The convention: – Ceded part of the Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island to the British. – Ceded parts of outer Manchuria to Russia plus the Maritime Province east of the Ussuri River which included the warm water port of Vladivostock. The convention represented a major achievement of Russian ambitions in the Far East begun with the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 and the Treaty of Aigun in 1858.

60. Chinese Opium Production To stem the loss of Silver, China began domestic production of opium after 1858. – Importation peaked in 1879 at 6,700 tons – By 1906, China was producing 35,000 tons (85%) of the world’s supply and had 13.5 million addicts (27% of its male population). Major production areas were in the S.W.: Szechuan (200,000 piculs), Yunnan (30,000 piculs) and Kweichow (15,000 piculs). This production eventually shifted to N. Burma and Thailand (the Triangle).

61. Chinese government has both internal and external pressures. – Internal Taiping Rebellion Other rebellions – External Pressure from foreign powers was increasing Debates emerged in the Qing court – Some leaders wanted to reform and modernize according to Western ways. – Some clung to traditional Chinese ways Foreign Influence Grows

62. Taiping Rebellion

63. A peasant revolt in China Lead by school teacher Hong Xiuquan – called for and end to the Qing dynasty Rebellion last from 1850-1864 before Chinese government defeated the rebellion

64. Causes of the Taiping Rebellion Population Explosion Irrigation systems and canals poorly maintained – caused massive flooding Extravagant courts Rich evading taxes Widespread political corruption

65. The Founder of the Taiping The founder: Hong Xiuquan (1814-1965) Originally a school teacher who passed the local preliminary examination but failed provincial examination four times

66. Inspired by Good Words to Exhort the Age, he claimed that during his illness after the failure of the third examination, he was adopted by the Heavenly father as the younger brother of Jesus Christ and was given a divine mission Inspired by Good Words to Exhort the Age, he claimed that during his illness after the failure of the third examination, he was adopted by the Heavenly father as the younger brother of Jesus Christ and was given a divine mission Identify the devils of China and cast them out. The devils are idols of China ’ s temples (including ancestral temples), the Manchu rulers, opium and alcohol, foot-binding and prostitution Jintian where Hong started his “ uprising ”

67. Leader: Hong Xiuquan A middle class Hakka Chinese Failed competitive test to enter the civil service for a 3 rd time in 1836 Had a nervous breakdown accompanied by visions

68. God’s Chinese Son After failing the civil service exam for a third time in 1837, Hong Xiuquan became ill and delirious for 40 days. He saw visions to which he later applied a Christian interpretation. Hong believed that he had seen God, met Jesus and been given divine mission to save mankind and exterminate demons. Hong also believed that he was the source of new revelation. Hong’s beliefs emphasized the Old Testament and the 10 Commandments.

69. Vision I An old man tells Hong that men are worshipping demons instead of him. Hong believes this is God the Father

70. Vision II He sees Confucius being tortured for his lack of faith in God.

71. Vision III Hong is carried to Heaven by angels. A man with a long golden beard in black robe embroidered with dragons gives him a sword and a magic seal and tells him to purify China of demons. He believes this was his older brother Jesus. His family claims that after this he became taller and filled with authority.

72. Vision IV An old woman washes the filth of the world from his body. A group of old men remove his internal organs and replace them with new heavenly organs.

73. God’s Chinese Son (cont’d) Hong became an itinerant preacher among the Hakka charcoal burners of Guangxi. The ranks of his followers quickly grew. He preached strict morality, including monogamy and the prohibition of foot binding. His social message included equality of men and women, communalism and the redistribution of land according to the Rites of Zhou. His military organization included both male and female units.

74. Rebels and Rebellions Hong Xiuquan, his visions, and the Heavenly Kingdom The Heavenly Kingdom and the old capital Nanjing The “Peasant Uprising” in the Communist ideology

75. The Origin of the Taiping The Taiping refers to both the Taiping Rebellion and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace). “The Taipings” refers to the constituents of the rebels and kingdom The Rebellion was one of many anti- Manchu movements in the middle-Qing period

76. The Early Phase of the Taiping The Taipings turned into a large political entity – Publicly declared their purposes to overthrow the “devilish Qing” Hong ’ s study

77. Taiping Constituents Important leading members came from an wide array of social constituents: failed examinee and village schoolteacher, charcoal-burner and government clerk, female bandit chief, Triad leader and river pirate, wealthy money-lenders and pawnbrokers, merchant, scholar, former account, head of rich clan, poor peasant Predominantly Hakka people Not motivated by peasant discontent, nor by destitution, but by the God-Worshippers’ faith and ethnic identity

78. The God Worshippers Converts many of the poor Hakka charcoal burners in Guangxi He and his growing cult engage in iconoclasm throughout the region He translates the Bible and gains more followers By 1850 he has over 30,000 followers and war begins.

79. Goal of Taiping Rebellion Its goal was to overturn the Manchu regime, which was regarded as alien, repressive, and corrupt The founder and his cohort began their movement by organizing religion called the God-Worshippers (Bai Shangdi jiao) – Based on their understanding of the Catholicism derived from a pamphlet written by a Christian convert, Liang Afa, entitled Good Words to Exhort the Age (World)

80. Reforms of the “Heavenly Kingdom” Women equal to men (no foot binding; women can serve in govt & army) Property held in common No opium, tobacco, alcohol, polygamy, gambling, prostitution

81. The Beginning of the Rebellion Hong soon became well- known and respected Hong’s organization, the God-Worshippers, became the shelter for the victims of social disorder in Hong’s hometown and its vicinity

82. The Hakka people joined them because of being harassed by bandits--who were originally members of the demoralized local militia The Hakka people joined them because of being harassed by bandits--who were originally members of the demoralized local militia Thirty bandit gangs operated in the area Thirty bandit gangs operated in the area Local landlord and rich clans joined the God-Worshippers Local landlord and rich clans joined the God-Worshippers Beginning of the Rebellion

83. The God-Worshippers grew rapidly and its members rose from 10,000 to 30,000 The God-Worshippers grew rapidly and its members rose from 10,000 to 30,000 Local and central governments found the growing God-Worshippers threatening and began to suppress them Local and central governments found the growing God-Worshippers threatening and began to suppress them This resulted in mass killing and wars between them, which anticipated a large-scale rebellion This resulted in mass killing and wars between them, which anticipated a large-scale rebellion

84. Hong Xiuquan began recruiting followers to help him build a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.” Hong referred to himself as the “brother of Jesus” (fact from AP textbook). His movement was called the Taiping Rebellion. By 1850s, Hong organized a massive peasant army and took control over large areas of southeastern China. 1853 Hong captured Nanjing and made it his capital. Qing imperial troops and British and French forces all launched attacks against the Taiping government. By 1864 the rebellion was put down, but at least 20 million people died in the rebellion. Taiping Rebellion

85. The Taiping Rebellion The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) The Taiping Rebellion – The largest and most influential rebellion during the Qing – The only rebellion that had connection with the Western impact on China – Communist historians called it “peasant uprising,” which started from Guangxi province in south China an area of secret societies, lineage feuds, and conflict between the locals and the Hakka (guest people) this area suffered the most disruption from the Opium War, the result of which made the open of new trade ports and huge numbers of porters lost their jobs

86. Taiping’s Quick Success After several major battles with government troops, the Taipings took control of the ancient capital, Nanjing, which became its capital They also took control of important cities in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, and Anhui and with this areas as their military bases, continued to launch military and cultural campaigns against the Manchu rulers The expansion of the Taiping and its forceful implementation of the Christian faith resulted in the Taipings’ conflict with the people

87. At their height Taipings control ¼ China, 600 major cities Huge armies threaten to end the Qing Dynasty

88. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom After succeeding in taking control of Nanjing (Nanking), Hong built Taiping’s capital there – Killing all Qing bureaucrats and Confucian scholars and burnt all Confucian texts, which Hong regarded as “evil” He proclaimed himself Heavenly King and five of his closest comrades Eastern, Western, Southern, Northern, and Wing Kings

89. What Went Wrong? The Taipings refused to recognize the treaty rights of the western powers, who ostensibly remained neutral. The claim of new revelation didn’t help. Their ideals while anti-Manchu were also anti- Confucian; hence, considered subversive to the social order by the scholar-official/gentry class. Their behavior did not conform to their creed. Severe treatment of conquered people alienated the masses. Hong became largely a figurehead. Yang Xiuqing was purged along with thousands of followers. Hong Rengan came to prominence, but too late.

90. Fail of the Taipings The fratricide among the Taipings resulted in the gradual collapse of the kingdom, even though it might have promise to overthrow the Qing regime A 100,000 Taipings died in Nanjing rather than surrender to the Qing. Death of Population during the rebellion: 50- 70 million

91. Destruction of Nanjing

92. Taiping Rebellion 1851-1864 1853: 1 million peasants had joined the revolt. Controlled large areas of southern China Internal power struggles led to the demise of Taiping regime Qing and foreign forces eventually defeat the rebellion. 20 million died

93. Effects of the Taiping Rebellion 20-30 million Chinese died Qing government stayed in place but had to share power with regional commanders Russia seized land in Northern China

94. Dowager Empress Cixi held power in China from 1862- 1908. She was committed to Chinese traditional values. She backed some attempts at reform like the “Self- Strengthening Movement” which wanted to update China’s educational system, diplomatic service, and military. The movement had mixed results. Resistance to Change

95. Self-Strengthening Movement

96. Self Strengthening Movement Dowager Empress Cixi resisted reforms but did support “self strengthening”. Sought to update political, educational and military institutions. Arsenals to manufacture modern weapons set up.

97. The Self-Strengthening Movement Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, and Zuo Zongtang were all actively involved in the Self-Strengthening Movement. The goal was to deal with China’s deficiencies by: – Studying science, international law and foreign languages. – Establishing arsenals and shipyards in Shanghai, Canton and Fuchou. – Conducting relief projects in the Yangtze River basin. – Reforming the civil service exam system and local government. Prince Gong (1833-1898)

98. Self-Strengthening Philosophy Many in Qing government and Chinese society were concerned over the subversive impact of Western science and technology. The principal argument for learning from the west was that “barbarian techniques” were appropriate against “barbarians.” Western techniques would be used to protect Chinese civilization. The ability to separate “function” from “substance” was understandably doubted by many.

99. Self Strengthening Movement Mixed results since arsenals still run by mostly foreigners. Imbalance of trade from import of machinery, raw materials.

100. Self-strengthening Movement EFFECTS  Produced warships & ammunitions  Boosted Chinese morale  Created large military arsenals run by foreigners that led to a trade imbalance and a lack of quality control because foreigners did not like working with Chinese resources.

101. China Losing More To Imperialist Powers Sino-Japanese War Open Door Policy Spheres of Influence

102. Foreign nations attack China and through treaties gain more control over China’s economy. Many of Europe’s major powers and Japan gain spheres of influence—areas in which the foreign nation controlled trade and investment. The U.S., having no sphere of influence, declared its Open Door Policy demanding free trade for all nations in China. Britain and other European nations agree to this demand. Other Nations Step In

104. The Sino-Japanese War By 1895, Japan defeated China and gained control of Formosa (Taiwan) and Korea. This defeat and the failure of the Self- Strengthening Movement highlighted the need for reform. Chinese conservatives disagreed.

105. Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) Japan is a major, expanding, and industrializing nation China and Japan fight for influence in Korea Tonghak rebellion in Korea leads to Chinese troop intervention- war is declared Japan successfully invades vital provinces and fortifications Treaty of Shimonseeki ends conflict China goes through reform movement as a result http://www.cityofart.net/bship/sino-jap.html

109. Open Door Policy 1899 CAUSES – China has a weak military, as well as economic and political problems. – China is being divided up into more Western spheres of influence. – U.S. fears that China would be divided into formal colonies and American traders would be shut out.

110. Open Door Policy 1899 & 1900 All nations allowed equal access to open trading ports Only Chinese government allowed to collect taxes on trade No great power exempt from paying harbor dues or railroad charges Scramble for spheres of influence after 1 st Sino-Japanese Ware (1894-1895)

112. Open Door Policy Proposed by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay (1899) Fear that China would be carved up between imperialist powers Left China’s independence and territory intact All nations could trade equally in China Endorsed internationally – But not always strictly followed

113. Open Door Policy American interested in Chinese market for cheap cotton goods U.S. late to imperialistic growth in China All nations except Japan acknowledged the importance of keeping China’s territorial and administrative integrity Re-circulated notes again in 1900 Overall led to Manchurian crisis of 1931 and war between China and Japan in 1937

114. Open Door Policy 1899 EFFECTS – This policy would protect American trading rights in China. – Keep China free from colonization – But China was still at the mercy of economic imperialism by foreign powers.

115. Spheres of Influence Foreign nations took advantage of China’s weakness and established colonial footholds. Extraterritoriality applied in these foreign enclaves. U.S. favored an “Open Door Policy” to prevent outright colonization.

117. New Scramble for China France – Kwangchow – 99-year lease Germany – Shantung Peninsula – sphere of influence Great Britain – Wei-hai-wei – naval base – Yangtze valley – sphere of influence Russia – Liaotung Peninsula – lease – Manchuria – economic concessions

119. Chinese Resistance to Imperialist Threat Hundred Days Reforms

120. Empress Dowager Cixi Cixi’s rule as regent from “behind the curtain” was symbolic of the problems faced by China. She was committed to maintaining power. – She manipulated the succession of three child emperors. – She and those around her were totally corrupt,e.g., building the marble pavilion with funds intended for the navy. Nevertheless, provincial governors such as Li Hongzhang remained loyal to the dynasty. Cixi (1835-1908)

121. 1898, Emperor Guangxu introduced measures to modernize China’s educational system, economy, military, and government Qing officials saw these innovations as a threat and called on the Dowager Empress to act. She has Guangxu arrested and reverses his reforms. An Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism Emperor Guangxu (center)

122. The Hundred Days Reforms June 11 to September 21, 1898: Emperor Guangxu ordered a series of reforms aimed at making sweeping social and institutional changes. The edicts attempted to modernize China and promote practical studies instead of Neo-Confucian orthodoxy.

123. The Hundred Days Reforms Conservative ruling elites opposed the reforms. Proposed moderate change. Empress Dowager Cixi engineered a coup d'etat on September 21, 1898, forcing Guangxu into seclusion. Cixi took over the government as regent.

124. The Hundred Days Reforms The Hundred Days' Reform ended with the rescindment of the new edicts and execution of six reformist leaders.

125. Boxer Rebellion

126. Before the Boxers: China Crucified During 1898 and 1899, foreign powers intensified their pressures and outrages on China – The Germans occupied Qingdao – The British took over Weihaiwei Also forced the Qing to lease a large area of fertile farmland on the Kowloon peninsula north of Hong Kong for 99 years, which the British called “The New Territories” – The Russians occupied Lüshun

127. Before the Boxers – The French claimed special rights in China’s southwestern provinces and on the island of Hainan – The Japanese, already masters of Taiwan, intensified their economic penetration of central China – The US wanted China to declare an “open door” policy, under the terms of which all countries agree not to deny others’ access to their spheres of influences The Chinese began to fear that their country was about to be “carved up like a melon” (guafen)

129. www.facebo “I'll Try, Sir!” http://www.history.army.mil/images/artphoto/pripos/usaia/Sir.jpghttp://www.history.army.mil/images/artphoto/pripos/usaia/Sir.jpg

130. Who were the Boxers? Also known as “Righteous fists of fury” Formed in the Shandong province Spiritual & ritualistic Esherick, J. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising p292

131. Boxers in Tianjin

132. What they stood for Wanted westerners and Christians out They were not permitted to kill non-foreigners Followed these rules:  Do not covert wealth  Do not lust after women  Do not disobey your parents  Do not violate Imperial laws  Eradicate the foreigners  Kill corrupt officials  When you walk on the streets, keep your head lowered, looking neither left nor right  When you meet a fellow member, greet him with hands clasped together

133. The Boxer Rebellion What was the Boxer Rebellion?  Nationalist movement (late 19 th century)  Boxer war (1900-1901)  Contact with Western countries Img source: http://www.sacu.org/boxers.html

134. Early phase of the Boxers — Restore the Han and Destroy the Manchus

135. The Boxer Uprising (1898-1901) “The Boxers United in Righteousness” (Yihequan) appeared as an expression of nationalism – Emerged in northwest Shandong in 1898 Yellow Dragon Triangular Banner

136. A collective force of a variety of secret- society and self- defense units that had spread in southern Shandong previously in response to the provocations of Western missionaries and their Chinese converts A collective force of a variety of secret- society and self- defense units that had spread in southern Shandong previously in response to the provocations of Western missionaries and their Chinese converts

137. What started it? Christian missionaries - entered China in the early 19th century Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism - favoured religions ‘The Society of Righteous Fists’, or ‘Boxers’ Pressure from foreign powers Opium trading

138. Causes of Boxer Rebellion Foreign influence – including architecture, industrial machines, technology and religion Religion – Christian Missionaries threatened Chinese Confucianism Foreign Troops – foreigners lived under extraterritoriality, did not follow Chinese laws, lived in own communities

139. Desperate local farmers and workers plagued by flood and drought joined the force to call for the ending of special privileges enjoyed by Christian converts and Christian missionaries Desperate local farmers and workers plagued by flood and drought joined the force to call for the ending of special privileges enjoyed by Christian converts and Christian missionaries By 1898, they had destroyed/stolen a good deal of property from Chinese Christians and had killed several converts in the Shandong-Hebei border area By 1898, they had destroyed/stolen a good deal of property from Chinese Christians and had killed several converts in the Shandong-Hebei border area

140. Foreigners, alarmed by the Boxers killing, demanded that the Qing suppress the Boxers and their supporters Foreigners, alarmed by the Boxers killing, demanded that the Qing suppress the Boxers and their supporters Boxers ’ Banner

141. The Boxers responded with a slogan, “ Revive the Qing, destroy the foreign ”The Boxers responded with a slogan, “ Revive the Qing, destroy the foreign ” Many boxers believed they were invulnerable to swords and bullets in combatMany boxers believed they were invulnerable to swords and bullets in combat “ when at last the Foreign Devils/Are expelled to the very last man/The Great Qing, united, together/Will bring peace to this our land ” – one catchy jingle “ when at last the Foreign Devils/Are expelled to the very last man/The Great Qing, united, together/Will bring peace to this our land ” – one catchy jingle

143. The Expansion of the Boxers The Boxers expanded dramatically – 70 percent were poor peasants, male and young – The rest were mixture of itinerants and artisans – Peddlers, rickshaw men, sedan- chair carriers, canal boatmen, leather workers, knife sharpeners, barbers, dismissed soldiers, salt smugglers – Joined by female Boxer groups, such as the Red Lanterns Shining (Hongdeng zhao) – They harassed or killed foreigners and Chinese converts, and sometimes even those possessed foreign objects

144. In 1900, the Boxer Uprising broke out in northern China. The Boxers believed that they could perform extraordinary flight and become immune to swords and bullets through training, diet, martial arts and prayer. They also claimed that millions of spirit soldiers would descend from the heavens and assist them in purifying China from foreign influences. Boxers recruited local farmers and other workers made desperate by disastrous floods, and focused blame on both Christian missionaries and Chinese Christians. They wanted to expel all foreigners from China.

145. The Qing court wavered between punishing the Boxers who killed foreigners and condoning their show of anti-foreign “ loyalty ” The Qing court wavered between punishing the Boxers who killed foreigners and condoning their show of anti-foreign “ loyalty ”

146. Boxer War: Confrontation b/w 'Eight Nation Alliance' (Russia, Japan, USA, Britain, Germany, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and the Boxers. 21st of June 1900 - The Qing government declared war on all Christians and allied foreigners The 'Siege of Peking' Img source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/china-postcard/4510532354/sizes/o/in/photostream/

147. Qing Declaration of War Western forces seized the forts at Dagu to provide cover for a troop landing, should full-scale war broke out News of battle at the Dagu ports arrived Beijing, which agitated Qing court and Beijing citizens – German minister was shot dead in the street as he went to an interview with the Zhongli Yamen, which was in charge of foreign affairs – The Boxers force laid siege to the foreign-legation areas Praising the Boxers as a loyal militia, the empress dowager Cixi issued a “declaration of war” against the foreign powers

148. Boxers ’ Propaganda

149. Full-Scale War With the government behind them, the Boxers launched a series attacks on mission compounds and on foreigners In August 1900, the colonial troops of the Allied nations, about 20,000, fought they way through Beijing – Soldiers of eight nations sacked the city and burnt imperial palace, the Forbidden City, and used it as the headquarters for the foreign expeditionary force – Boxer resistance quickly crumbled, hundreds of thousand were killed – More than two hundred foreigners were killed – Empress Dowager and Emperor Guangxu fled to the West, establishing a temporary capital in the city of Xi’an

150. Allies Army entered the Gate of the Qing

151. Resentful of the privileges of foreigners, a secret organization called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists is formed. They are called the “Boxers” for short. The carry out a campaign against foreigners known as the Boxer Rebellion. 1900—the Boxers descend on Beijing and surround the European section of the city. The Dowager Empress expressed support for the Boxers, but did not back them militarily. The Boxers murder Europeans, missionary, and diplomats, as well as many Chinese Christians, both Protestant and Catholic. The Boxer Rebellion The Boxers, by Johannes Koekkoek, circa 1900

152. August 1900—a multinational force of 19,000 troops marches on Beijing and defeats the Boxers. Though the Boxer Rebellion failed to expel foreign influence, the Chinese have a renewed sense of nationalism and realization they must resist foreign influence. Results of the Boxer Rebellion A Boxer during the revolt.

153. Effects of Boxer Rebellion China had to make concessions to foreigners Chinese conservatives supported Westernization Admitted women to schools Stressed science and math instead of Confucian thought Economic expansion – growth of exports Chinese industry developed – emergence of urban working class Spread Chinese Nationalism

154. This is the name given to the 182 Protestant Missionaries (of several denominations) and 500 Chinese Protestants who were murdered during the Boxer Rebellion. In 1901, allied nations who helped put down the rebellion demanded compensation for loss of life and property, but China Inland Mission founder James Hudson Taylor refused to accept any such payment for the loss of his missionaries or mission property “in order to show the meekness of Christ to the Chinese.” The China Martyrs of 1900 Missionaries killed in the Boxer Rebellion who worked for China Inland Mission. James Hudson Taylor-Founder of China Inland Mission

155. Both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches recognize Chinese citizens killed in the 19 th and 20 th centuries, most of whom were killed in the Boxer Rebellion. These martyrs are formally venerated by those churches. Chinese Martyrs

156. Revolution Begins

157. 1905 Dowager Empress sends out a delegation to study the operation of different governments. 1906 officials recommend China’s government be restructured. A constitutional monarchy was suggested. A national assembly was convened within a year, but change was slow. In 1908 the court promised a constitutional government by 1917. China would continue to have unrest for the next four decades. Beginnings of Reform

158. Revolution Qing ’ s being “ carved up like a melon ” was a national disgrace, which Han Chinese could not tolerate Revolutionaries wanted to overthrow the Manchu state “ to avenge the national disgrace ”, and “ to restore the Chinese ”

159. 1. CONTEXT: China before 1839: 5. Why Did European Imperialism expand? Effects 3. 1841 The Nanjing Treaty What happened? Effects? 4. How did China respond To imperialism? Govt: Effects on People? 6. 1911 China becomes a Republic. How? Why? Did imperialism lead to progress? 2.1839 The Opium Wars What happened? Effects ? Thinking Skill: Cause & Effect How did Imperialism affect China? Did Imperialism Lead to Progress?