1. Urbanisation and the growth of Mega Cities
Shanghai – pop 18 million 2010

2. TO BE MEGA-CITIES IN 2015
Country Urban agglomeration
Japan Tokyo
Bangladesh Dhaka
India Mumbai (Bombay)
Brazil São Paulo
India Delhi
Mexico Mexico City
United States New York
Indonesia Jakarta
India Calcutta
Pakistan Karachi
Nigeria Lagos
United States Los Angeles
China Shanghai Argentina Buenos Aires
Philippines Metro Manila
China Beijing
Brazil Rio de Janeiro
Egypt Cairo
Turkey Istanbul
Japan Osaka
China Tianjin

3. Megacities are often primate cities
Primate cities (at least double the pop of the second largest city in the country) are typical of many LEDCs and NICs.
The city dominates the country’s urban system and economy.
Advantages and disadvantages of primate cities?

4. List of Primate Cities

5. Sustainable city
Maintain population, particularly economically active people. Develop human resources.
Economic growth.
Infrastructure and urban services.
Quality of life.
Environmental impact. Ecological footprint.
Circular metabolism.
Green design and architecture.
Energy efficiencies. Carbon neutral city. (Masdar)

6. Land Use

7. What do we use land for? RICEPOTS! Housing Shopping Industry Commerce
Businesses
Recreation
And Many More!

8. Urban Land Use Model – burgess
The Model above is a typical Land Use model. What are zones A, B, C and D? Why?

9. A – the centre, known as the Central Business District (CBD)
A – the centre, known as the Central Business District (CBD). Shops, offices, banks and main services are found here.
B – the Inner City area, older housing (19th Century). Today this is more modernised.
C – the Suburbs, mostly house built in the 1920s or 1930s. People still wanted to live near the centre for work but no more room.
D – the Edge of City, often more leafy areas. It has been common in recent times for shops and industry to move here to reduce congestion in the city, and for the cheaper land and better accessibility.

10. A – THE CBD

11. A – THE CBD High cost of land
High-Order shops, public buildings, entertainment etc.
Often divided into districts eg. Entertainment area
Also can be ‘zoned vertically’ – ground floor shops, first floor offices etc; cheaper rent
Much traffic in certain areas
Usually the oldest and tallest buildings
Low population density normally
Mostly younger people without families

12. B – INNER CITY – OLDER HOUSING

13. B – INNER CITY – OLDER HOUSING
Quite high cost of land
Was C19th terraced housing and factories, now with urban regeneration, some new housing and industry
Often see ‘grid-iron’ pattern of streets
High traffic, due to factories and population
Generally C19th buildings, some new
Tall buildings; were packed together (high density), now less so
High population, although lowering. People moved due to crime etc., but now many are returning
In C20th generally poorer groups of people, immigrants etc., although now much more of a variety

14. C – SUBURBS

15. C – SUBURBS
Middle and high cost housing; generally low land value but high building value
Detached/ semi detached housing; housing estates; parks; golf courses etc.
Access roads, maybe cul-de-sacs, crescents etc.
Little traffic, away from main roads
Mostly C20th buildings
Low buildings and low density as low cost of land; also need space for greenery etc.
Population density is quite high, tends to be more affluent groups – middle aged couples and families etc.

16. D – EDGE OF CITY INDUSTRIAL AREAS/ SHOPS

17. D – EDGE OF CITY INDUSTRIAL AREAS/ SHOPS
Quite low land value, but getting higher – accessible and zoned
Modern factories, offices; middle and high order shops; lots of space for car parking
High traffic at rush hours and peak shopping times
Very new buildings, generally low density
Low population density
Study models on pages 492, 493, 494 and 495. In what ways to land use models/ patterns contrast in MEDCs and LEDCs?

18. Terms
PVLI
Distance-decay
Bid Rent Theory
Urban morphology

19. The Hoyt Model
Developed in the 1930s by Homer Hoyt this model took into consideration road, river and rail links which may affect the zoning. It is sometimes called the sector model. Describe it using the key to help you.

20. There are 3 explanations for these land use patterns.
1 Historical
The urban area expanded outwards from the original site which is the CBD.
2 Economic
Rent in the CBD became too expensive for people. In the suburbs there was more land and it was cheaper. Only businesses could afford to stay in the CBD.
3 Concentrations of similar land uses
One part of the urban area may have all the advantages for industrial location so that a lot of factories want to locate there; but few people want to live next door to a factory, so the residential areas are located elsewhere.

21. Create a table to show similarities and differences between the two models.

22. Limitations
It is a model so may not be able to be applied to a specific city.
Like the Burgess model it was designed before the car so doesn’t take commuting into consideration
Physical features may limit the growth of a zone.
Can you give an example?

23. Basic urban model for an LEDC city.
Higher cost housing and higher class residential areas located centrally. Historical core of colonial city. Rapid urban growth expanding the peripheral areas.

24. You should have identified:
The CBD is always in the middle
There is no zone of medium class residential in the LEDC model
The poorest housing is found of the edge of the LEDC city
The largest zone is the shanty town. Often called squatter settlements, slums or favelas

25. Urban growth is too rapid for planners and for the city to provide basic urban infrastructure, housing and services. Peripheral areas characterised by poor quality housing and spontaneous settlements as immigrants attempt to satisfy their basic needs of housing and employment through the informal economy.

26. Caracas - Venezuela

27. Rocinha – Rio de Janeiro Brazil

28. Squatter Settlements
Residential areas which have developed without legal claims to the land and/or permission from the concerned authorities to build; as a result of their illegal or semi-legal status, infrastructure and services are usually inadequate.
30% of the urban population of the world live in squatter settlements. 1 billion people!

29. Watch Richard Neuwirth’s TED presentation on his book Shadow Cities
He presents an empathic and positive view of squatter settlements and their role in modern cities.

30. The role of the Informal Sector
This whole process of urbanisation and urban growth is a sum of millions of people’s individual decisions, aspirations, hopes and desire to provide for their loved ones.
As the governments are unable to provide solutions, then these individuals, faced with these problems are struggling to find their own solutions to their housing and employment needs.
This is why squatter settlements play such a vital role in the process of urban growth we are witnessing now in the world.

31. Slums of hope or slums of despair?
Is it possible that squatter settlements, shanty towns, bustees, favelas, slums are part of the solution?
Or perhaps is it true that they are a potent symbol of the failure of society to address the basic needs of the majority and it must be the responsibility of the public sector to provide housing for its citizens?
Slums of hope or slums of despair?

32. Problems of the informal economy
No money
Low profit
No investment
Low output

33. Turner’s model can be linked to a intra-urban movement of migrants

34. Planet Geography pg 496 Huge gaps between rich and poor in LEDCs?
Shanty next to high rise
TNCs create jobs – only for educated
The rich get richer....
LEDCs rapidly changing?
DTM?
Shanghai growth
Globalisation and ‘copying’ MEDC growth

35. Land Use Shanghai

36. Urban stress and sustainable solutions in LEDC cities
Shanghai
Rio de Janeiro
Urban stress and sustainable solutions in LEDC cities
Mexico City
Nairobi

37. What are the challenges facing an (LEDC) city?
Housing the urban poor
Social deprivation, crime and inequality
Employment
Air / water pollution
Waste management
Transport
Energy
Water and food supply
Public space

38. AIR POLLUTION

39. Why have the problems developed?
What is the impact on the city? (environmental, economic, social)

40. LEDCs
Some of the worst air pollution is now in LEDCs or ‘NICs’ – figure pg 507
Beijing example; question block 11P page 513

41. Urban Microclimates A microclimate is
a local atmospheric zone where the climate differs from the surrounding area. The term may refer to areas as small as a few square feet (for example a garden bed) or as large as many square miles
Why might an urban area have a ‘microclimate’?
What is meant by an ‘urban heat island?’ – q block 11O page 510.

42. Other ‘Social Stresses’
Using pages list the ‘other’ social stresses which appear in urban areas.
Complete questions 1,2,3,4,7,8,10 and 12 pg 524

44. Urban Stress in London
Usual problems – pollution, traffic, overcrowding
Huge gap between rich and poor
Inner city urban blight – poor, old housing (East End), schools
High rise estates to make
up for shortfall (600,000)
These areas associated
with crime, violence and
Graffiti.

45. Urban Stress in London Huge range of migrants (former port city)
1960s from former colonies in Asia (Pakistan, Sri Lanka); East Africa (Uganda) and in the 1980/90s large numbers of refugees from eg Afghanistan, Iraq.
Creates ‘urban villages’ where people cluster, creates a ‘hotbed’ of culture in London
Has led to some hostility and racism
History of riots in the city – Brixton (25% population of different racial background)

46. However...
Not ALL bad!
‘In a 100m stretch in Finsbury Park can be seen an Irish pub, Indian newsagents, food shop and restaurant, West Indian businesses, West African restaurant, Chinese take away, Lebanese flower shop, Jewish run ironmongers, Italian restaurant, Spanish off-licence... This rich mix of cultures rubbing alongside one another that characterises contemporary London and adds so much to its vitality’
Read pgs ; q’s 1, 5, 7, 8, 9

47. The Sustainable City Can a city be ‘sustainable’?
‘A sustainable city, or eco-city is a city designed with consideration of environmental impact, inhabited by people dedicated to minimization of required inputs of energy, water and food, and waste output of heat, air pollution - CO2, methane and water pollution’

48. How does a city attempt to manage the problems it faces?
Socially sustainable housing management strategy.
Environmentally sustainable pollution management strategy.
A strategy to control the growth of the city.
Also perhaps sustainable management related to social welfare, waste, energy, transport etc

49. Sustainable Housing
What is done to provide socially sustainable housing for the urban poor?
Affordable housing provided by government or private sector
Upgrading squatter settlements
Slum clearance and relocation
Site and service schemes
Loans for people to buy housing
Other options in London, Shanghai
or Beijing?
- Can a ‘system’ be in place?
Study figure pg 535
Complete q’s 2 and 3 pg 537

50. London – Sustainable? TASK: Read pgs 537 – 543 and make a table
SUSTAINABLE YES
SUSTAINABLE NO
INNER CITY CONGESTION CHARGE
45,000 TONNES OF FUEL TO POWER THE CITY

51. Evaluation of strategy
For example – a relocation and re-housing project
Availability of land
Distance from employment for residents
Cost of projects
Poor standard of housing
Lack of urban services provided
Social fabric of squatter settlement broken up
Pointless as residents of squatter settlements have already built their dwellings
Alternative is to upgrade existing squatter settlements and integrate them into the city. Favela Bairro project.