1. IB Grade 12 optional theme
Urban Environments
IB Grade 12 optional theme

3. Main case-studies
Shanghai
London
Beijing
Nairobi

5. Define Urbanisation
Urbanisation or urbanization is the growth of urban areas population as a result of rural migration and even suburban concentration into cities, particularly the very largest ones.
HOW DOES THIS DIFFER FROM URBAN GROWTH?
WHY DOES IT TAKE PLACE?

6. Growth in the percentage of the population living in urban areas
Urbanisation
Growth in the percentage of the population living in urban areas
Urban Growth
Growth in the size of cities

7. 7 billion people in the world How many people live in cities?
Only 28.8% of the world's population lived in urban areas in Today, just over 50% do, and the United Nations projects that almost 69% will by 2050, when the population is expected to reach 9.3 billion. The number of people who live in cities by then will almost equal today's world population.

8. Cities became centres of production, as manufacturing increased rapidly and employment in agriculture decreased.
Manchester “Cottonopolis” – The first industrial city

9. Urbanisation and the Population Explosion
Now we can see global levels of urbanisation. NICs and LEDCs are urbanising at a very fast rate.
Combination of Natural increase and Rural to Urban migration.
Dhaka Bangladesh 1950 – 417,000
1975 – 2.1 million
2000 – 12.5 million
million

11. Other key terms Counter-urbanisation Re-urbanisation Suburb
Suburbanisation
Urban Sprawl
Megacity
462

12. Different forces
Urbanisation rates are therefore much higher in LEDCs (and NICs) than MEDCs, for many reasons
MEDCs main urbanisation was during the period of the industrial revolution
There are different forces – centripetal and centrifugal

18. Mumbai - India

20. TASK
Discuss – in what ways may urbanisation differ in ELDCs and EMDCs?
Questions page 470

22. Rural to urban migration

23. Urban Processes can be seen as inward and outward movements
Inward Movement (Centripetal)
Rural to urban migration, gentrification, re-urbanisation, urban renewal
Outward Movement (Centrifugal)
Suburbanisation, urban sprawl, counter-urbanisation
Pages

24. Consequences There are differing growth rates in ELDCs and EMDCs
Both suffer from different problems because of this
Discuss what they may be

25. ELDCs – Centripetal movements
Huge growth
Shanty towns
Population structures
Employment
‘Primate cities’
‘Megacities’ - intro
Read pages ; q’s page 472
‘Slumming It’

26. Implications of urbanisation in LEDC’s and NICs
Urbanisation is most rapid in LEDC’s and NIC’s because of high natural increase and rural to urban migration.
Don’t forget there are many large cities in the world of over 2 or 3 million inhabitants.
These cities face the same problems that cities in MEDCs faced in the nineteenth century. BUT they are not in the same position that the UK was to face the challenge.

27. What is it like in the squatter settlements?
Describe one of these houses. Include what it is made from and what it is like inside.

28. Display the information on the next slide as a star diagram
Characteristics
Of shanty
towns

29. Characteristics of Shanty Towns
They often grow very quickly because of the demand for cheap housing
The develop on unoccupied land - the residents become squatters
They are found on the edges of cities in LEDC’s
Housing is made from ANY available cheap materials (eg packing cases, cardboard, corrugated iron, wood, plastic sheeting etc)
Sanitation and supplies of gas, electricity and running water often do not exist.
Diseases spread easily
Overcrowding is common
Roads are generally unmade
Sometimes the authorities move in and attempt to bulldoze them without warning

30. Self Help Scheme
Although shanty towns are illegal the government struggle to deal with them as there are so many. One solution is to get the inhabitants to build new houses themselves. The government supply all the materials and put in basic services.

31. Squatter Settlements
Residential areas which have developed without legal claims to the land and/or permission from the concerned authorities to build; as a result of their illegal or semi-legal status, infrastructure and services are usually inadequate.
30% of the urban population of the world live in squatter settlements. 1 billion people!
This animation shows how squatter settlements are
upgraded over time.

32. Slums of hope or slums of despair? Slum Cities – Dharavi in India
Is it possible that squatter settlements, shanty towns, bustees, favelas, slums are part of the solution?
Or perhaps is it true that they are a potent symbol of the failure of society to address the basic needs of the majority and it must be the responsibility of the public sector to provide housing for its citizens?
Slums of hope or slums of despair?
Slum Cities – Dharavi in India

33. Problems of the informal economy
No money
Low profit
No investment
Low output

34. Case- Study - Shanghai http://shanghai17.jimdo.com/slums/

35. Case study – Shanghai

36. MEDCs Main terms: Urban Decay Urban renewal Gentrification
Counter urbanisation
Suburbanisation, urban sprawl, re-urbanisation
Decentralisation
Exurbanisation
Urban blight
Conurbation
Urban village

37. MEDCs – Centifugal Movements
Slower growth rates
Urban decay
Inward (centripetal) movement
Urban renewal/ gentrification
Outward (centrifugal) movement
Suburb/ counterurbanisation
Urban Sprawl

38. Reasons for counter-urbanisation
Increased car ownership
Increased wealth
De-industrialisation
Relocation of industry/employment to rural urban fringe
Desire for safe, pleasant environment, the rural ideal/utopia
Perception of urban areas as dangerous, high levels of crime, racial/ethnic problems
Change in tenure from public/renting to private ownership. Sell property and move out.

39. Counter-urbanisation
People move to satellite settlements within the city’s sphere of influence
Increased numbers of people commuting to work in the city
Increased car use
Transport triangle becomes bigger
Rural areas become suburbanised
Rural areas can become commuter /dormitory settlements
Rural areas within a city’s sphere of influence can develop

40. Reason for re-urbanisation
Parts of urban areas which have declined but still have an intrinsic value because of centrality or quality of housing stock attract people
Government sees urban decline as a problem and invests money to regenerate an area
Prestige project – Olympics
Tertiary sector increases, restaurants, nightclubs and retailing attracting people

41. Re-urbanisation Cities become “centres of consumption”
Gentrification – Richer people moving into poorer areas
Run-down derelict parts of cities can be redeveloped
Increased economic activity within cities
Cities reinvent themselves as exciting vibrant places to live

42. Reasons for suburbanisation
Rapid urban growth leads to new residential areas being built in suburbs
Social problems and overcrowding in inner city areas cause richer people to move to suburbs
Improving public transport
Linked to de-industrialisation such as shipbuilding, warehouses or factories closing
Definition – Suburbanisation is the increase in the numbers of people living in the residential areas near the edge of the city (suburbs) leading to the outward growth of urban areas.

43. Suburbanisation Urban sprawl
Separate smaller settlements merge into larger multi-centric conurbations
Pressure on rural/urban fringe
Increased segregation
A vicious circle of decline in inner city areas. “Donut cities”

44. MEDCs Main problems/ issues resulting from these?
Questions 1,2,3,5,11,16 page 482