1. European and American Explorers Chapters 5&6

2.  Motives: God, Gold and Glory!, Seven Cities of Cibola  Coronado: searching for Cibola but found pueblos, treated natives badly, followed a Pawnee to Quivira (Wichita village), Pawnee choked to death, chiefs swore oath to Spain

4.  Do Campo: with Friar Juan de Padilla tried to set up a Catholic mission, attacked by Kaw tribe and held captive a year, took five years to get back due to carrying wooden cross, “Trail of the Cross” is better route than Coronado’s  Onate: governor of Spanish colony on Rio Grande near present-day Santa Fe, searched for Quivira but found villages

5.  Spanish saw expeditions as failures---No gold, land useless  Information about OK was gained from the reports.  Spain claimed all the land on western side of Mississippi River

6.  Louisiana: 1682, La Salle claimed Mississippi River Valley for France, trade with natives and Spanish in Santa Fe  Du Tisne: negotiated with Osage and Wichita tribes  La Harpe: set up post on Red, negotiated with the Wichitas

7.  Wichitas and Osages became dependent on trade goods from the French, became commerical hunters and warriors  Coureurs de bois: runners of the woods, French traders  Deer Creek Village: Wichitas were laborers at a stockyard and meat- processing plant

8.  Wichita-Osage Conflict: the Wichita were attacked by the Osage and moved to the Red  Twin Villages: one on either side of Red, Wichitas were brokers between Southern plains tribes and French, fortified, Spanish unsuccessfully attacked

9.  France lost to England in French and Indian War  In Treaty of Paris in 1763, France gave up claim to land west of Mississippi to Spain

10.  There for 150 years  Thought it was useful land  Treated natives as equals  Place-names and surnames  Natives lost traditions and skills, hunted for trade, fought each other

11.  When Napoleon Bonaparte was Emperor of France, he invaded Spain  In Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800, France regained lands west of Mississippi in North America from Spain

12.  Napoleon needed money for his wars and sold Louisiana to the United States for $15 million in 1803.  President Jefferson saw the new territory as the foundation of a great American empire.  He knew the U.S. needed more knowledge of the land and sent out expeditions.

14.  Sparks Expedition: 1806, Red River to Twin Villages, but was turned back by Spanish, boundaries not known  Pike-Wilkinson Expedition: 1806,Pike went to Rocky Mtns.; Wilkinson traveled the Arkansas in canoes, brutal winter, reported warfare, salt prairie, trappers  Sibley Expedition: 1811, searched for salt, found Great Salt Plains

15.  Long-Bell Expedition: 1820, Bell went down Arkansas River, very rough, had Say (zoologist) with him to keep records; Long thought he was on the Red but was actually on the Canadian, James (botanist) with him, “Great American Desert”  Nuttall Expedition: 1819, English botanist, gathered most information on Oklahoma

16.  These explorers were there for the money not knowledge.  Red River Traders: Anthony Glass traded with the Wichita at Twin Villages  Three Forks Traders: Where Arkansas, Verdigris, and Grand Rivers connect; Chouteau Brothers, Joseph Bogy, Nathaniel Pryor, A.P. Chouteau

17.  Santa Fe Traders: 1819 Adams-Onis Treaty defined southern boundary of Louisiana Purchase, 1821 Mexico declares independence from Spain, maybe now U.S. traders could trade in Santa Fe; Thomas James, Hugh Glen, Jacob Fowler, William Bucknell got to Santa Fe first “Father of Santa Fe Trade”

18.  Knowledge gained by explorers.  Not an ideal place for farmers.  Considered a place for resettling the Native Americans.