1. AP Human Geography Unit 2
Migration
AP Human Geography
Unit 2

2. Migration Terms Mobility Migration (vs. Circulation) Net Migration
Circulation—“short term”
Migration (vs. Circulation)
Emigration
Immigration
Net Migration
Net in-migration: Immigrants > Emigrants:
Net out-migration: Immigrants < Emigrants
CIA Worldfactbook, April 2006

3. Net-migration Using the Population Data Sheet…
Identify the three countries with the highest “net in-migration” rate.
Identify the three countries with the highest “net out-migration” rate.
What problems does using the rate versus the raw number present?

4. E.G. Ravenstein’s “Laws of Migration”
Most people migrate for economic reasons.
Cultural & environmental factors may also be important, but not as important as economics
Most migrants move a short distance, and stay within a country.
Long-distance migrants go to major centers of economic activity.
Most long-distance migrants are males.
Most long-distance migrants are adults, not families with their children.
**Theory of Human Migration:1885**

5. Causes of Migration Push vs. Pull Factors ECONOMIC CULTURAL
North Dakota Oil Boom
CULTURAL
Iraq War (2003-present)
ENVIRONMENTAL
Hurricane Katrina (2005)

6. Why did people migrate to the USA? Pull Push Check Answers
Overcrowding
in Europe
Overcrowding
in Europe
Overcrowding
in Europe
Plenty of food
in USA
Plenty of food
in USA
Plenty of food
in USA
Persecution of
Russian Jews
Persecution of
Russian Jews
Persecution of
Russian Jews
Poverty
in Europe
Poverty
in Europe
Poverty
in Europe
The US Bill
of Rights
The US Bill
of Rights
The US Bill
of Rights
Higher pay for
US workers
Higher pay for
US worker
Check
Answers
Higher pay for
US workers
European
class system
European
class system
European
class system
Religious
freedom in US
Religious
freedom in US
Religious
freedom in US

7. Refugee
Who is a refugee? In the US [under the Immigration and Nationality Act, Section 101(a)(42)]:
The term 'refugee' means: (A) any person who is outside any country of such person's nationality … who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion, or (B) in such circumstances as the President … may specify, any person … who is persecuted or who has a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.

8. Refugee

9. Refugee
Global Refugees—There are about 20,000,000 refugees or internally displaced persons worldwide, (estimates vary a lot). The top 10 sources of refugees, asylum seekers and internally displaced persons in 2005 were:
Afghanistan: 1,908,100
Sudan: 693,300
Burundi: 438,700
DR Congo: 4430,600
Somalia: 394,800
Vietnam: 358,200
Palestinians: 349,700 [or more than 4,300,000, depending on definitions]
Iraq: 262,100
Azerbaijan: 233,700
Liberia: 231,100

10. Refugee
US Refugees: —The ceiling on US refugee admissions is 70,000 per year Africa 20,000 25,000 20,000 20,000 East Asia 4,000 6,500 13,000 15,000 Eastern Europe 2,500 na na na The Former Soviet Union 14,000 na na na Europe &Central Asia na 13,500 9,500 15,000 Latin America & Caribbean 2,500 3,500 5,000 5,000 Near East & South Asia 7,000 2,000 2,500 5,000 Unallocated Reserve 20,000 20,000 20,000 10,000

11. Migration Patterns Wilbur Zelinsky… Demographic Transition
Migration patterns change depending on demographic stage
Stage 2—international migration, also rural to urban migration
Stage 3 & 4—internal migration, also urban to suburban , the destination of those in stage 2
Gravity Model
Step Migration

12. Migration Terms Intervening Obstacle— “Lee Model”
Environmental (oceans)
Cultural (laws)
International Migration
Voluntary vs. Forced Migration
“Chain migration”
Internal Migration
Interregional Migration
Intraregional Migration (ie. rural to urban, Counterurbanization)
It refers to the social process by which immigrants from a particular town follow others from that town to a particular city or neighborhood, whether in an immigrant receiving country or in a new, usually urban, location in the home country. The term also refers to the process of foreign nationals immigrating to a new country under laws permitting their reunification with family members already living in the destination country. This mechanism is also known as serial migration.
Chain migration can be defined as a “movement in which prospective migrants learn of opportunities, are provided with transportation, and have initial accommodation and employment arranged by means of primary social relationships with previous migrants.”
U.S. side of the border is uninhabited and separated from Mexico by a fence

13. Migrant Characteristics
Is Ravenstein still correct?
Today, in the US, most international immigrants are women, not men.
Although most immigrants to the US are still single adults, increasing numbers of immigrants are children (17 years of age or less).
Mexican migrants to the US come from the interior.
Why do we see changes?
Those on the Mexican border already benefit from trade and jobs in the us on the border

14. Global Migration Patterns
Only 5% of the world’s population are international migrants (still more than 300 million people)
Net out-migration areas: Asia, Latin America and Africa
Net in-migration areas: North America, Europe, Oceania

15. US Immigration Patterns
1st Era: Colonial Period ( )
2 million Europeans (90% British), 650,000 Africans
Why/Results

16. US Immigration Patterns
2nd Era: Later European Migration (1840s-1930s)
1st Peak (1840s-1850s)—4.3 million (German/Irish)
Stage 2 (Migration transition)—repeatedly… “safety valve”
2nd Peak (1880s)—German, Irish, Scandinavian
3rd Peak ( )—Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary
1910—14% of US population was 1st/2nd generation immigrant

17. US Immigration Patterns
3rd Era: Modern Immigration (1970s to Present)
Asian—1970s-1980s (China, Philippines, India, Vietnam)—7 million
Latin American—1980s-Present (Mexico, Dominican Rep, El Salvador)

18. Immigration Policies Quota System Undocumented Immigration
No one knows how many immigrants are in the US illegally
Mexico
Central America, Asia, Europe
Enter illegally; or “overstay” visas
Inconsistencies…Haiti vs. Cuba
Economic vs. Political migrants (political asylum)
California, Texas, and Florida are the leading
destinations for undocumented immigrants to the
U.S.

19. Immigration Policies 36% Luxembourg 5% Denmark 19% Switzerland
9% Austria
9% Germany
9% Belgium
6% France
6% Sweden
5% Denmark
4% Netherlands
4% Norway
4% United Kingdom
3% Ireland
2% Spain
2% Italy
Foreign Born as % of European populations

20. Immigration Policies
Guest Workers— temporarily for employment, not considered permanent migrants
Middle East—wealthy oil states import workers from the Philippines, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
Foreign workers represent 60 to 90% of labor force in most oil-exporting countries
Time-contract workers— Chinese migrants in Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand
Spanish youths attacked Moroccan immigrants in El Ejido, Spain after an alleged murder.

21. Internal Migration Interregional Migration
Spreading westward since colonial times.
Southern shift since the 1980s
Intraregional Migration—migration within a single region
Rural to Urban
Cities to suburbs
1800, 5% of the US population lived in suburbs
75% of the US population lives in suburbs
Counterurbanization

22. Internal Migration
The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the migration of
people to the west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to the
southern sunbelt.

23. Net Migration by County, 2000-04
Rural counties in the southwest and Florida have had net in-migration, while there has
been net out-migration from rural counties in the Great Plains

24. Internal Migration Brazil – migration from the coast to the interior
Indonesia –migration from Java to less populated islands
Russia (Soviet Union) –forced and voluntary migration to the west
India – limits migration
Europe – migrants moving from South to North, looking for better jobs
Brasilia was created as Brazil’s new capital
In 1960 and since then has attracted
Thousands of migrants in search of jobs.

25. U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations
Fig. 3-8: California is the destination of about 25% of all US immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations include Florida, Texas, and Illinois.

26. Emigration from China
Fig. 3-10: Various ethnic Chinese peoples have distinct patterns of migration to other Asian countries.

27. Migration of Vietnamese Boat People
Fig. 3-11: Many Vietnamese fled by sea as refugees after the war with the U.S. ended in Later boat people were often considered economic migrants.

28. Echo Canyon, northeastern Utah
Echo Canyon was one of many obstacles to 19th century wagon trains heading west.

29. Interregional Migration in the U.S.
Fig. 3-13: Average annual migrations between regions in the U.S. in 1995 and in 2003

30. U.S. Interregional Migration, 1995

31. Intraregional Migration in the U.S.
Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.