1. Where are Migrants Distributed
Chapter 3 Key Issue 2
Where are Migrants Distributed

2. Key Issue 2 Global migration patterns US immigration patterns
Impact of immigration on the US

3. Global Migration Patterns
Fig. 3-2: The major flows of migration are from less developed to more developed countries.

4. Global Migration Patterns
Net out-migration
Asia
Latin America
Africa
Net in-migration
North America
Europe
Oceania

5. Largest flow of migrants
Asia  Europe
Asia  North America
Latin America  North America
Migration from less developed countries to more developed countries
Low incomes  wealthy countries

6. More than ½ from Latin America About ¼ from Asia
United States
35 million immigrants, 12% of population
More than ½ from Latin America
½ from Mexico
About ¼ from Asia
Canada: 1/6 of population are immigrants
Australia: ¼ of population are immigrants

7. Middle East
Highest percentage of immigrants
Petroleum exporting countries
UAE: 74%
Kuwait: 68%

8. Net Migration (per population)
Fig. 3-3: Net migration per 1000 population. The U.S. has the largest number of immigrants, but other developed countries also have relatively large numbers.

9. US Immigration Patterns
70 million have immigrated to US since 1820 (30 million alive today)
3 main eras of immigration
Settlement of the colonies
Mid-19th/20th centuries
1970s to today

10. US Immigration Patterns
1st Era: Settlement of the colonies
English & African
2nd Era: Mid 19th/20th Centuries
European
3rd Era: 1970s to today
¾ from Latin America & Asia

11. Colonial Immigration from England and Africa
Africans
Forced to migrate as slaves
400,000 slaves to the 13 colonies
Europeans, 90% British
Voluntary migrants
1 million prior to independence

12. 19th Century Immigration
40 million (of 65 million) Europeans migrated to the US
Other destinations: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, southern Africa, southern South America
US offered economic success
Germany: 7.2 million
Italy: 5.4 million
UK: 5.3 million

13. Immigrants to the US

14. First Peak of European Immigration
1840s and 1850s
95% came from North & West Europe
Economic push factors

15. Second Peak of European Immigration
1860s: declined b/c Civil War ( )
1880s
From North & West Europe
Especially Norway & Sweden
Industrial Revolution/Stage 2
Population growing rapidly
Search of farm land/jobs

16. Third Peak of European Immigration
1900
90% were European
Shift of country of origin
Italy, Russia & Austria-Hungary
Diffusion of the Ind.Rev/Stage 2
Population grew from technology & heath care

17. Migration to U.S., by Region of Origin
Fig. 3-4: Most migrants to the U.S were from Europe until the 1960s. Since then, Latin America and Asia have become the main sources of immigrants.

18. Recent Immigration from Less Developed Region
Immigration dropped in 1930s/1940s
Great Depression & World War II
Immigration increased during 1950s, 60s, 70s
Latin America & Asia

19. Immigration from Asia Leading source of immigrants in 1970s
2/3 of Asian immigrants are from:
China
Philippines
India
Vietnam
Asians comprise +40% of Canada’s immigrants

20. Migration from Asia to the U.S.
Fig. 3-5: The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.

21. Immigration from Latin America
Mexico sent most amount of immigrants to the US
Dominican Republic: 2nd highest source of immigrants from Latin America
El Salvador: 3rd highest from Latin America

22. Migration from Latin America to the U.S.
Fig. 3-6: Mexico has been the largest source of immigrants to the U.S., but immigrants have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.

23. Immigration from Latin America
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act
Issued visas to several hundred thousand people who entered US without legal documents
1990: admitted 1.5 million
1991: admitted 1.8 million

24. Undocumented Immigrants in the US
Fig. 3-7: California, Texas, and Florida are the leading destinations for undocumented immigrants to the U.S.

25. Reasons for Migrating to US
Europe to Asian to Latin America
Pushed by poor conditions at home
Lured by economic opportunity

26. Impact of Immigration on the United States
Europe’s demographic transition
Population growth fueled emigration
European governments promoted more efficient agriculture
Enclosure movement
Consolidated small family farms into large units
Forced millions to emigrate to rural areas in cities or to US farmlands

27. Diffusion of European Culture
Europeans brought their cultural heritage to US
Imposed politics & culture on existing populations
Language
Religion: Christianity
Art, music, literature, philosophy & ethics
Political & economic systems

28. Diffusion of European Culture
Latin America & Asia
Europeans established plantations
Products sold back to Europe
Workers were native
Helped European countries
Boundaries drawn in Africa
Resulting in current conflicts in Africa

29. Undocumented Immigration to the United States
Quotas prevent many from entering the US
Illegal immigration
Undocumented immigrants
Exact number unknown
2005: est 9.3 million total in US
Mexico: 5.3 million
Other Latin America: 2.2 million
Asia: 1 million

30. Undocumented Immigration
Primary reason: work
Approx. 75% are employed
5% of labor force in US
Farming
Cleaning
Construction
Food prep

31. Approx. half enter as students or tourists
Remaining half sneak across border
2,000 mile US-Mexico border
El Paso, TX & San Diego, CA
Heavily guarded borders

32. U.S. - Mexico Border at Tijuana
The U.S. side of the border is uninhabited and separated from Mexico by a fence

33. Undocumented Immigration
1.3 million undocumented apprehended each year
90% are Mexican
Escorted out of country
Many return again

34. Undocumented Immigration
Americans divided on the issue
Help or hurt the economy
Discuss with a partner

35. 1986 Immigration Reform & Control Act
5 years residency  citizenship
Many feared deportation if application was rejected
Law discouraged illegal immigration
Employers must verify legality of workers
Fine/imprisonment

36. Destination of Immigrants within the United States
More than ½ are clustered in 4 states
Proximity important for many immigrants
California, New York, Florida & Texas
Mexicans California, Texas, Illinois
Caribbean New York, Florida
Chinese & Indians  New York, California

37. U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations
Fig. 3-8: California is the destination of about 25% of all US immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations include Florida, Texas, and Illinois.

38. Chain Migration
Immigrants cluster in communities where people from same country previously settled
Job Prospects
Northeast & Midwest
Industrial jobs: meatpacking, food processing

39. Read p.96
Undocumented Immigration Viewed from the Mexican Side