1. Figure 8.1 The structures of blood vessels in the human body.

2. Figure 8.1 The structures of blood vessels in the human body.
Direction of blood flow
Outer layer: _________
Middle layer: _________
Inner layer: _________
______
________
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle
Endothelium
________
________
_______
_________
Tissue cells

3. Tunics Tunica interna = tunica intima = inner layer
Endothelial layer that lines the lumen of all vessels
Tunica media = middle layer
Smooth muscle and elastic fiber layer, controls constriction/dilation of vessels
Tunica externa = tunica adventitia = outer layer
Contains collagen fibers that protect and reinforce vessels

4. Lumen central blood-containing space surrounded by tunics

5. Figure 8.4 The general pattern of movement between capillaries, the interstitial fluid, and cells.

6. Capillary Beds
Figure 18.4a

7. Figure 8.3a Capillaries.

8. Figure 8.3b Capillaries.

9. Figure 8.3c Capillaries.

10. To return blood to the heart, veins have special adaptations
Veins have much lower blood pressure and thinner walls than arteries; larger lumen
To return blood to the heart, veins have special adaptations
Large-diameter lumens, offer little resistance to flow
Valves which prevent backflow of blood
Respiratory “pump” – pressure changes created during breathing suck blood toward the heart by squeezing local veins
Muscular “pump” – contraction of skeletal muscles “milk” blood toward the heart

11. Factors Aiding Venous Return
Figure 18.6

12. Fetal Circulation 1
Umbilical vein carries blood (highly oxygenated) from the placenta to the fetal heart.
Umbilical arteries carry blood from fetal heart to placenta.

13. Fetal Circulation 2
Blood in the umbilical vein is shunted past the liver, to right atrium, via the ductus venosus.
Blood is shunted past the lungs, from the right atrium into the left atrium, via the foramen ovale in the interatrial septum.
Blood that does enter the right ventricle is shunted past the lungs, from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta, via the ductus arteriosus.

14. Fetal Circulation 3
The foramen ovale closes at birth and becomes the fossa ovalis; a depression in the septum
The ductus arteriosus collapses and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum
Remnants of the umbilical vessels exist as ligaments in the adult

15. Microscope slides

16. Figure 8.9 Some of the major arteries and veins in the human body.

17. Three arteries branching from the aortic arch
Left carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Right atrium
Right AV valve
Right ventricle
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary trunk
Left pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Left AV valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Chordae tendineae
Papillary muscles
Left ventricle
Septum
Right pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary artery
Aorta

18. Left carotid artery
Right carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Right subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic trunk

19. Aorta and Major Arteries

20. Arteries of the Head and Neck
Figure 18.20b

21. Arteries of the Upper Limbs and Thorax
Figure 18.21b

22. Arteries of the Abdomen 1
Figure 18.22b

23. Arteries of the Abdomen 2
Opening for
esophagus
Figure 18.22c

24. Arteries of the Lower Limbs
Figure 18.23b, c

25. Pulmonary Circulation

26. Figure 19.21b Major arteries of the systemic circulation.
Arteries of the head and trunk
Internal carotid artery
Arteries that supply
the upper limb
External carotid artery
Common carotid arteries
Subclavian artery
Vertebral artery
Axillary artery
Subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Brachial artery
Aortic arch
Ascending aorta
Radial artery
Coronary artery
Ulnar artery
Thoracic aorta (above
diaphragm)
Deep palmar arch
Celiac trunk
Superficial palmar arch
Abdominal aorta
Digital arteries
Superior mesenteric artery
Arteries that supply
the lower limb
Renal artery
Gonadal artery
External iliac artery
Common iliac artery
Femoral artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
Anterior tibial artery
Internal iliac artery
Posterior tibial artery
(b) Illustration, anterior
view

27. Arteries of the Brain
Figure 18.20d

28. Veins of Systemic Circulation

29. Veins of the Upper Limbs and Thorax
Figure 18.26b

30. The cephalic vein is an example of a badly named body part, and a thus confusing medical word, based on a translator’s mistake. The Canon of Avicenna ( CE) collected the medical knowledge of his times. This vein of the arm was named al-kifal, which means “the outer vein of the arm”. When this was translated into Latin in A.D. 1564, the translator thought al-kifal was related to the Latin word cephalicus, ‘pertaining to the head’. He was wrong, but the naming error stuck.

31. Veins of the Head and Neck

32. Veins of the Abdomen
Figure 18.27c

33. Veins of the Abdomen
Figure 18.27b

34. Veins of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
Fibular vein
Fibular vein