1. 11.1 The Civil War Begins Essential Questions What were the North’s and the South’s strategies to win the war? What were some of the reasons that the war was longer and deadlier than people predicted?

2. Lincoln’s Union March 4, 1861 – Lincoln’s Inauguration, 7 states seceded: TX, LA, MISS, ALA, GA, FL, SC Lincoln’s inaugural address: “Physically speaking, we cannot separate.” Why?

3. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl Charleston Harbor S.C.. Bombardment of Fort Sumter.

4. Ft. Sumter: Cause & Effects CAUSES: Geography: Fort was in mouth of harbor of Charleston, SC Time: Fort needed more provisions to hold on What was Lincoln’s dilemma??

5. Fort Sumter Flag Note that there are 33 stars. Why is that important?

7. Ft. Sumter April 12, 1861: Confederates bombard Ft. Sumter Federal garrison surrenders after 36 hours NORTH: unifies and settles in for a long fight volunteers enlist blockade begins SOUTH: Becomes aggressor boosts overconfidence BORDER STATES: First blood drawn by South - stay with the Union

8. Whose War? War for What? After Sumter: Who goes next? ARK, TENN, NC, AND VA Richmond, VA is capital of Confederacy BORDER STATES: MD, DEL, W.VA, KY, MO, Indian Territory What about West Virginia?? Lincoln suspends habeas corpus in MD – Baltimore is site of first blood spilt in war. Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers. Why such a small number?

10. Lincoln’s Cause: UNION, NOT ABOLITION. WHY? Lincoln cannot lose Southern Ohio, Indiana, & Illinois NOR the Border States! “I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot hold Missouri, nor, I think, Maryland. These all against us. And the job on our hands is too large for us. We would as well consent to separation at once, including surrender of this capital.”

11. Unionists of East Tennessee swearing by the flag Like the citizens in western Virginia, people in eastern Tennessee remained faithful to the Union. Men like those shown here swore allegiance to the United States flag and tried to split the state in two--one rebel and the other loyal--but Confederate troops put a stop to their efforts. (Library of Congress) Unionists of East Tennessee swearing by the flag Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

12. http://www.sewanee.edu/faculty/Willis/Civil_War/tables/BorderPop1860.html

13. Balance of Power SOUTH Defensive Strategy Better officers Military Culture Limited transportation Limited manufacturing Limited population (slave revolution?) NORTH Offensive Strategy Incompetent/Hesitant Officers Urban culture Extensive ports& transportation system Extensive Manufacturing Immigration/Population booming

14. Total Population Free Males Wealth Produced Industrial Workers Factory Production Textile Production Firearms Production Railroad Mileage Iron Production Coal Production Livestock Farm Acreage Wheat Corn Cotton Merchant Ship Tonnage Naval Ship Tonnage 71 81 75 92 91 93 97 71 94 97 60 75 81 67 4 90 96 29 19 25 8 9 7 3 29 6 3 40 25 19 33 96 10 4 % Northern % Southern Which side has the obvious Economic Advantage? Which Categories are most important advantages?

15. WAR STRATEGIES THE NORTH’S “ANACONDA” PLAN 1.Naval blockade of Southern ports 2.Control the Mississippi and split Confederacy in two 3.Capture Richmond, the Confederate Capital THE SOUTH’S PLAN 1.Fight a defensive war 2.Secure recognition and support from Europe 3.Negotiate an armistice

16. Scott's Great Snake General Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power by southern Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In this lithograph, the "great snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the Confederacy, and crush it. (Library of Congress) Scott's Great Snake Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

18. Bull Run (1 st Manassas) July 21, 1861 Optimism runs high, on both sides…… Lincoln calls up militia for 90 days – Many Expect a short, bloodless, war Union outnumbers South….but…. – Why does the South win? – Stonewall Jackson Humiliating retreat to DC… EFFECTS: 1.Lincoln calls for 500,000 men with 3 year enlistments…What does that mean? War will not be short or bloodless 3.Lincoln replaces McDowell and appoints……. George McClellan commander.

20. McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign 1861: George B. McClellan given command of Army of the Potomac ***Good organizer and drillmaster – VERY CAUTIOUS trained troops well, popular with them Spring 1862: McClellan moves, finally, on Richmond Union stalls at Richmond, routed in Lee’s counter- attack, the Seven Day’s Battles HOW WOULD A VICTORY FOR McCLELLAN HAVE CHANGED THE WAR?

21. Map: McClellan's Campaign McClellan's Campaign The water route chosen by McClellan to threaten Richmond during the peninsular campaign. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

22. Robert E. Lee Lee takes command of Confederate forces after Johnson is wounded at Richmond during the Peninsular Campaign. Responsible for aggressive Southern strategy during Seven Days Battles. Both General Grant and General Lee were West Point graduates and had served in the U.S. Army during the War with Mexico. Their bloody battles against each other in 1864 stirred northern revulsion to the war even as they brought its end in sight. (National Archives) Robert E. Lee Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

23. EFFECTS OF PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN McClellan removed from command Hardens North’s resolve Move toward total war Embrace Anaconda Plan and Emancipation as strategies (vs. moral decisions) Invade Mississippi and Ohio rivers, spreading war to the west and deep south

24. War in the West Ulysses S. Grant surprises all, seizing control of western rivers with gunboats, securing Tennessee and Kentucky Shiloh, hotly contested battle for West, brings Grant national attention Admiral David G. Farragut captures New Orleans for North, moves up Mississippi. – New Orleans- Falls on May 1 st 1862  Anaconda Plan is beginning to work!

25. Forts Henry & Donelson Ft. Henry- February 6, 1862 – Strategic fort on Tennessee River – Captured by Grant Ft. Donelson-Sieged February 11-16, 1862 – Southern Fort on Cumberland River Gun boats on the rivers aided Union forces Effect? – Mississippi River was open to Union Forces

26. Shiloh April 6-7, 1862 Confederates undertake surprise attack against Grant Looks like Grant will lose but is able to fall back and regroup forces – Confederate General Sidney Johnson is killed- Considered the best General in the United States before the War April 7- Re-enforced Union troops counter attack and defeat the Confederates Effects- – Northern control of Tennessee – 23,746 casualties – Use of Scouts and trench warfare becomes common place

27. Map: The Anaconda Plan and the Battle of Antietam Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

28. Second Bull Run (2 nd Manassas) After Richmond defeat McClellan replaced by Gen. Pope as commander of Army of the Potomac Lee moves north toward Washington, DC Gen. Pope engages Lee at Second Bull Run, August 29-30, 1862, and is crushed. Lee and Army of Northern Virginia move into MD, hoping to stir rebellion. MD stays neutral Armies meet at Antietam Creek, Maryland on Sept. 17, 1862

29. Map: The War in the East, 1861-1862 The War in the East, 1861-1862 Union advances on Richmond were turned back at Fredericksburg and the Seven Days' Battles, and the Confederacy's invasion of Union territory was stopped at Antietam. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

30. Antietam, September 17, 1862 McClellan returned to command Lee swings north and crosses the Potomac Lee’s battle plans are discovered, showing his division of forces; McClellan does not act on info for 18 hours! It is the bloodiest day of the war: 23,000 (2x the number of dead and wounded on D-Day) Is it McClellan’s greatest blunder? Could have ended war?

31. Antietam In the photograph of Antietam, dead rebel gunners lie next to the wreckage of their battery. (Library of Congress) Antietam Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

32. Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burial This photograph of corpses awaiting burial was one of ninety-five taken by Mathew Brady and his assistants of the Antietam battlefield, the bloodiest single day of the war. It was the first time Americans had seen war depicted so realistically. When Brady's photographs went on display in New York in 1862, throngs of people waited in line to see them. (Library of Congress) Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burial Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.