1. Holocaust Timeline Things you need to know before reading Night by Elie Wiesel

2. January 30, 1933 Hitler becomes chancellor Hitler becomes chancellor Anti-Semitic laws gradually increase throughout Germany Anti-Semitic laws gradually increase throughout Germany Hitler & Hermann Göring wave to passing parade below. 2 1

3. September 15, 1935 Nuremberg Laws Passed Nuremberg Laws Passed racial laws that made Jews 2 nd class citizens racial laws that made Jews 2 nd class citizens Prohibited sexual relations and intermarriage between Jews and “persons of German or related blood” Prohibited sexual relations and intermarriage between Jews and “persons of German or related blood” Law later applied to Gypsies and black people living in Germany Law later applied to Gypsies and black people living in Germany Nazis targeted their hatred towards gypsies, blacks, homosexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, and physically and mentally handicapped along with Jews Nazis targeted their hatred towards gypsies, blacks, homosexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, and physically and mentally handicapped along with Jews

4. August 1-16,1936 Summer Olympic Games in Germany Summer Olympic Games in Germany Propaganda success for the Nazis Propaganda success for the Nazis Germany even included Jews or part-Jews on its Olympic team Germany even included Jews or part-Jews on its Olympic team In the Olympic Stadium, German spectators salute Adolf Hitler during the Games of the 11th Olympiad. Berlin, Germany, August 1936. 3

5. July 6-15, 1938 Evian Conference Evian Conference –Delegates from 32 countries & representatives from refugee aid organizations –Discussed: Jews fleeing –Hitler said:  Others can take ‘em –US and Britain said:  Will not take Jews United States delegate Myron Taylor delivers a speech at the Evian Conference.

6. November 9-10, 1938 Kristallnacht (“Night of Broken Glass”) Kristallnacht (“Night of Broken Glass”) An pogrom (organized massacre) that burned roughly 1,400 synagogues, looted Jewish homes & businesses, killed at least 91 Jews, arrested about 30,000 Jewish men & hundreds of women and imprisoned them An pogrom (organized massacre) that burned roughly 1,400 synagogues, looted Jewish homes & businesses, killed at least 91 Jews, arrested about 30,000 Jewish men & hundreds of women and imprisoned them The Boerneplatz synagogue Frankfurt am Main, Germany. 4 Old synagogue in Aachen 5

7. Kristallnacht Jewish-owned shop destroyed Berlin, Germany. 6 The synagogue in Ober-Ramstadt, Germany. 9 Shattered storefront of a Jewish-owned shop. Berlin, Germany. (10) 11 View of the interior of the Essenweinstrass e synagogue in Nuremberg.

8. September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland World War II begins 12 German troops parade through Warsaw after the surrender of Poland. Warsaw, Poland, September 28-30, 1939. 13

9. WWII Early Events Sept. 2, 1939: England & France declare war on Germany. Sept. 2, 1939: England & France declare war on Germany. Sept. 17, 1939: Red (Soviet) Army invades Poland Sept. 17, 1939: Red (Soviet) Army invades Poland Oct. 8, 1939: 1 st ghetto established in Poland Oct. 8, 1939: 1 st ghetto established in Poland February 12, 1940: Deportation of Jews from Germany to occupied Poland begins; killing of “incurable” and “unworthy of life” sent to be killed. February 12, 1940: Deportation of Jews from Germany to occupied Poland begins; killing of “incurable” and “unworthy of life” sent to be killed. Spring 1940: Germany conquers Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxemburg, Holland & Northern France Spring 1940: Germany conquers Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxemburg, Holland & Northern France April, 1940: Nazi military leader Heinrich Himmler orders Auschwitz concentration camp to be created April, 1940: Nazi military leader Heinrich Himmler orders Auschwitz concentration camp to be created March 24, 1941: Germany invades North Africa March 24, 1941: Germany invades North Africa June 22, 1941: Germany invades Soviet Union (operation Barbarossa) June 22, 1941: Germany invades Soviet Union (operation Barbarossa) Dec. 7, 1941: Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; US declares war a day later. Dec. 7, 1941: Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; US declares war a day later. Dec. 11, 1941: Germany & Italy (Axis) declare war on US (Allies) Dec. 11, 1941: Germany & Italy (Axis) declare war on US (Allies)

10. November 15, 1940 Warsaw Ghetto sealed Warsaw Ghetto sealed Largest ghetto Largest ghetto 350,000 Jews (30%) in about 2.4% of city’s total area 350,000 Jews (30%) in about 2.4% of city’s total area Entrance to the ghetto from the Aryan side. 14 Jewish refugees waiting in soup line at a shelter at 33 Nalewki St. 15 16

11. Nazis systematic plan: Cut off communication to/among Jews Cut off communication to/among Jews Separate Jews from each other Separate Jews from each other Separate Jews from the rest of the population (ghettos) Separate Jews from the rest of the population (ghettos) Dehumanization (make Jews feel less than human) Dehumanization (make Jews feel less than human) Separate families Separate families Nazis 1-100 rule: If 1 Jew rebelled, 100 would be killed. Nazis 1-100 rule: If 1 Jew rebelled, 100 would be killed.

12. January 20, 1942 Wannsee Conference: “Final Solution” Wannsee Conference: “Final Solution” 15 high ranking Nazis and German government officials met to find an answer to the “Jewish Question” 15 high ranking Nazis and German government officials met to find an answer to the “Jewish Question” Answered through systematic mass murder through appropriate ministries & bureaucracies Answered through systematic mass murder through appropriate ministries & bureaucracies It was a deliberate & careful plan to destroy all European Jews It was a deliberate & careful plan to destroy all European Jews SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, Himmler's second in command of the SS organization 17

13. April 19-May 16, 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 750 fought the German army 750 fought the German army 56,000 Jews captured, about 7,000 were shot, and the remainder were deported to concentration camps. 56,000 Jews captured, about 7,000 were shot, and the remainder were deported to concentration camps. Juergen Stroop (third from left), SS commander who crushed the Warsaw ghetto uprising German soldiers capture Jews hiding in a bunker during the Warsaw ghetto uprising. 18 19

14. April 19-May 16, 1943 Jews captured during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising are marched off through a debris-covered street to the Umschlagplatz for deportation. (20) SS troops wait at the end of a smoke-filled street for Jewish resistance fighters to exit apartment buildings set on fire on the fourth day of the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. (21) Mordechai Anielewicz (1919-1943), commandant of the ZOB during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, fell in battle on May 8, 1943. (22) SS troops and officers search the Jewish department heads of the Brauer armaments factory during the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. (23) The bodies of Jewish resisters lie in front of the ruins of a building where they were shot by the SS during the suppression of the Warsaw ghetto uprising. (24)

15. June 6, 1944 D-Day: Allied troops invade Normandy, France. D-Day: Allied troops invade Normandy, France. 3,000 landing craft, 2,500 other ships, and 500 naval That night 822 aircraft, carrying parachutists or towing gliders, roared overhead to the Normandy landing zones. They were a fraction of the air armada of 13,000 aircraft used on D-Day. 3,000 landing craft, 2,500 other ships, and 500 naval That night 822 aircraft, carrying parachutists or towing gliders, roared overhead to the Normandy landing zones. They were a fraction of the air armada of 13,000 aircraft used on D-Day. U.S. infantrymen wade from their landing craft toward Omaha Beach. 25 Mine- and obstacle-clearing tanks of the 27th Armoured Brigade thread toward the shore at Queen sector, Sword Beach. 26

16. January 27, 1945 Liberation of Auschwitz by Russian forces Liberation of Auschwitz by Russian forces More than 7,000 prisoners were liberated, most were seriously ill or dying. More than 7,000 prisoners were liberated, most were seriously ill or dying. Soon after liberation, surviving children of the Auschwitz camp walk out of the children's barracks. Poland, after January 27, 1945. (27) Soon after liberation, a Soviet physician examines Auschwitz camp survivors. Poland, February 18, 1945. (28)

17. April 11, 1945 Americans liberate Buchenwald Americans liberate Buchenwald More than 20,000 prisoners liberated More than 20,000 prisoners liberated Escorted by American soldiers, child survivors of Buchenwald file out of the main gate of the camp. Elie Wiesel is the fourth child in the left column. Buchenwald, Germany, April 27, 1945. (29) Soon after liberation, camp survivors from Buchenwald's "Children's Block 66"--a special barracks for children. After April 11, 1945. (30) American troops, including African American soldiers from the Headquarters and Service Company of the 183rd Engineer Combat Battalion, 8th Corps, U.S. 3rd Army, view corpses stacked behind the crematorium during an inspection tour of the Buchenwald concentration camp. April 17, 1945. (31)

18. April 30, 1945 Hitler commits suicide Hitler commits suicide In Führerbunker, located 50 feet below the Chancellery buildings in Berlin, Hitler shot himself while companion (wife), Eva Braun, took poison. In Führerbunker, located 50 feet below the Chancellery buildings in Berlin, Hitler shot himself while companion (wife), Eva Braun, took poison. 32 World War II's victors hoist the hammer-and-sickle flag over the Reichstag in Berlin. On the afternoon of April 30, 1945, as Soviet troops stormed the Reichstag, Hitler committed suicide in his nearby bunker headquarters.

19. May 8, 1945 Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day) Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day) The German armed forces surrendered unconditionally to the Allies on May 7, 1945. For the western Allies, World War II officially ended in Europe on the next day, May 8 (V-E Day), while Soviet forces announced their “Victory Day” on May 9, 1945. The German armed forces surrendered unconditionally to the Allies on May 7, 1945. For the western Allies, World War II officially ended in Europe on the next day, May 8 (V-E Day), while Soviet forces announced their “Victory Day” on May 9, 1945. 32 Dancing in the streets of London on V-E Day.

20. Glossary of Terms Genocide – the attempt to kill off an entire race, culture, or social group. Genocide – the attempt to kill off an entire race, culture, or social group. Anti-Semitism – hatred or discrimination against Jews Anti-Semitism – hatred or discrimination against Jews Holocaust – 6 million Jews were killed when the Nazis ruled. Holocaust – 6 million Jews were killed when the Nazis ruled. Aryan – “pure” German race (people of Northern European background) Aryan – “pure” German race (people of Northern European background) Scapegoat – someone or a group of people blamed for other people’s problems Scapegoat – someone or a group of people blamed for other people’s problems Pogroms – an unprovoked attack or series of attacks upon a Jewish community Pogroms – an unprovoked attack or series of attacks upon a Jewish community

21. Glossary of Terms Continued Ghetto – a section of the city in which the Jews were forced to live Ghetto – a section of the city in which the Jews were forced to live Concentration Camp – used to imprison all “enemies” of the regime Concentration Camp – used to imprison all “enemies” of the regime Liberation – freeing of Nazis' prisoners (Jews freed from concentration camps) Liberation – freeing of Nazis' prisoners (Jews freed from concentration camps) Allies – United States, Great Britain, Soviet Union, & other countries fighting against Axis countries during WWII Allies – United States, Great Britain, Soviet Union, & other countries fighting against Axis countries during WWII Axis – Nazi Germany, Italy, & Japan (Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, & Slovakia) Axis – Nazi Germany, Italy, & Japan (Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, & Slovakia)

22. Elie Wiesel http:// www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_nm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007200&MediaId=3371

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