1. The Reformation

2. Causes of the Reformation
Social: Humanism and the Printing Press led to a questioning of the Church.
Political: Monarchs challenged the authority of the Church.
Economic: People hated paying church taxes.
Religious: Some church leaders were corrupt.

3. Criticisms of the Catholic Church
One issue was in particular was the selling of indulgences. Which were Church pardons that people could simply buy for salvation.

4. Early Calls for Reform
As early as the 1300s many reformers denied that the Church had a right to earthly power.
It also began to be discussed that the Bible, not the Church, had religious authority.

5. Luther and his 95 Theses
Martin Luther was a monk from Germany who took a public stand against the selling of indulgences.
Luther wrote a series of 95 statements which he posted to the church in Wittenberg, Germany which formally stated his issues (Indulgences).
This started the Reformation.

7. Reformation
A movement for Religious reform which led to the founding of a series of Christian churches that did not accept the Pope’s authority.

8. Luther’s Teachings
People could gain salvation only through faith to God.
All Church teachings should be based on the words of the Bible.
All people of faith were equal, no priests were needed.

9. Response to Luther
The Church issued a decree threatening Luther with excommunication.
The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V called for Luther to be put on trial and when he refused declared him an outlaw and heretic.

10. Lutherans
Rather than seek to reform the Catholic Church anymore, Luther decided to establish his own church in 1522 and his followers became known as Lutherans.

11. Peasant Revolt and Conflict
Some serfs began to apply Luther’s ideas to society and began revolting in Germany which horrified Luther.
The German States as a result broke into civil war with Charles V and princes who supported Luther

12. Protestant
The German Princes who supported Luther protested against his excommunication and became known as Protestants.

13. Peace of Augsburg
Although Charles V was victorious, he could not persuade all the princes to convert back to the Catholic Church.
Instead they signed an agreement to allow each prince to decide their religion.

15. Annul
Henry VIII of England was desperate for a male heir and wished to have his wedding annulled (divorce) by the Pope so he could marry another woman.
When the Pope refused Henry VIII decided to break away from the Church.

17. Reformation Parliament
This is the parliament which Henry VII called together for the purpose of ending the Pope’s power in England.
Although England officially split, many English remained loyal Catholics.

18. Consequences of Henry’s Changes
Henry in the end never was able to have a male heir.
After his death, his power was shared by multiple children but eventually Elizabeth took the throne and continued to convert England to Protestant.

19. Anglican
The Anglican Church became the official Protestant Church of England.
It was the only legal church in England.

20. Queen Elizabeth Eventually brought peace to England.
Embraced Renaissance Ideas.
Decided England should create and American Empire to increase wealth.
Famously defeated the Spanish Armada.

21. Video Clips English Reformation: 2 Minutes
The Spanish Armada: 10 Minutes
Martin Luther: 3 Minutes
Martin Luther: 8 Minutes