2. Prepared by ITH ESARA CLAUSES Introduction A clause is a group of words containing at least one subject and one verb. Surgeon operates sick people. A phrase is a group of words not containing any subject or verb. an old mana man with his family sick peopleat the riverside A SUBJECT A VERB A CLAUSE

3. Prepared by ITH ESARA There are two kinds of Clauses 1. Independent clause An independent clause is a clause that has a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. E.g. People hate wars. 2. Dependent clause A dependent clause is a clause that does not have a complete thoughts and cannot stand alone as a sentence. E.g. Although people hate wars.

4. Prepared by ITH ESARA 1. Independent Clauses Independent clauses can be only one verb, one clause or more clauses. Examples Stop! We should come to school on time. I have three dogs, and my brother has only one. Although he’s poor, his children are well- educated. She cried because she lost her motorbike. Who did you call?

5. Prepared by ITH ESARA 2. Dependent Clauses We can recognize dependent clause because it is introduced by a subordinating conjunction (subordinator) or a relative pronoun. We will have a question in our mind if a dependent clause stand alone. Examples because we meet an old friend. ( why? ) after the rain stopped. ( what happen? ) where my sister was born. ( which place? ) whom she loves. ( Which man? )

6. Prepared by ITH ESARA 2. Dependent Clauses A dependent clause cannot stand alone, so it must be attached to an independent clause to make a complete sentence. Examples Because we meet an old friend, we have a party. We saw a rainbow after the rain stopped. Kampot where my sister was born has many views. A man whom she loves must be well-educated.

7. Prepared by ITH ESARA 2. Dependent Clauses Here are common subordinators and relative pronouns that introduce the dependent clause. after becauselesttill althoughbeforenow thatunless aseven ifprovided thatuntil as ifeven thoughsincewhen as long ashowso thatwhenever as much asif thanwhere as soon asinasmuch asthatwherever as thoughin order thatthoughwhile who / whomwhosewhichthat

8. Prepared by ITH ESARA THE END THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTIONS!