1. USAID Office of Food for Peace Dale Skoric Title II Food Aid Programming

2. The Big Picture
Food crisis: With over 1 billion people worldwide (one-sixth of the world population) suffering from hunger, over 30 cases of food-related unrest having erupted around the world since 2008, 25,000 children dying daily from malnutrition, 2 billion people currently suffering from micro-nutrient deficiencies, local food prices in most developing countries being too expensive for hundreds of millions of people, disputes over depleting land resources, the food crisis will continue to threaten lives and livelihoods worldwide.
Urbanization: With an urban population that will double in Asia and increase by 150% in Africa between now and 2050, urbanization will create massive social inequities and risks as well as tangible health problems, malnutrition rates, unemployment, and income deficits, which represent an almost permanent threat to the security of billions.
Due to population growth alone, the absolute number of people at risk in emergencies is projected to increase. These challenges will call for the humanitarian system to help more people in more places (but, most likely, with fewer resources given the financial shortfall).

3. The Big Picture
The number of people displaced from conflict or violence has increased from 17.4 million in 1997 to 27.5 million in 2010, and displacements are increasingly prolonged. 
The impacts of climate change and other extreme weather events, combined with the growth of densely populated urban centers in areas vulnerable to natural disasters, are increasing the risk of large-scale displacement, damage and death due to natural disasters.
These trends are reflected in the United Nations World Food Program Appeal funding requirements, which have increased steadily over the last decade, from just under $1 billion in 2000 to $6.8 billion in 2010. 

4. IDP Trends

5. Natural Disasters Trends

6. Office of Food for Peace
Source: United Nations Humanitarian Appeal, Consolidated Appeal Process, 2011

7. Office of Food for Peace
Source: United Nations Humanitarian Appeal, Consolidated Appeal Process, 2011

8. U.S. Food Assistance - General Outline
Office of Food for Peace
U.S. Food Assistance - General Outline
Title I: Trade & Development Assistance USDA
Title II: Emergency & Develop. Assistance USAID
Title III: Food For Development USAID
Title V: Farmer to Farmer USAID
Section 416(b): Surplus Donations USDA
Emerson Trust: Emergencies USAID/USDA
Food for Progress USDA
McGovern-Dole Global Food for Education USDA

9. USAID ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
Office of Food for Peace
USAID ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

10. Food For Peace’s Operating Environment
Office of Food for Peace
Food For Peace’s Operating Environment
Congress
OMB
Beneficiaries
State
Department
Title II Food Aid
Host
Governments
U.S. Shipping
(cargo preference)
World Food
Program
Agribusiness
Processors
Bag producers
PVOs
USDA

11. Legislative Context: Reliance on Agriculture Appropriations
Office of Food for Peace
Legislative Context: Reliance on Agriculture Appropriations
Note: Does not include MARAD reimbursements, carry over funds, and deobligations from prior year agreements.
*House proposed FY2012 Budget level.

12. Title II average cost/metric ton (delivered)
Office of Food for Peace
Title II average cost/metric ton (delivered)

13. Office of Food for Peace
To Date

14. Office of Food for Peace
CHOOSING A RESPONSE:
Is food aid the right response?
Who are the right people to be assisted?
What are the right commodities for these people?
How much is the right amount of commodity?
What are the right programs for the vulnerable?
How soon are the commodities needed and for how long? (right time)

15. Office of Food for Peace
Production
Climate
Aid
Land
Entitlements
Policies
Markets
Imports
Prices
Markets
Prices
Production
Stocks
Wages
Availability
Income
Access
Expenditure
Health Care
Utilization
Care Practices
Vulnerability
Sanitation
Policies
Water
Conflict
Climate
Economic

16. Office of Food for Peace
Emergencies
Non-Emergencies
Response to rapid onset and/or complex emergencies
Selected post-emergency stabilization activities
Address immediate food needs of populations at risk
Response to chronic food insecurity
Maternal and child health
Environmental stabilization
Sustainable agriculture
Risk mitigation and asset building

17. EMERGENCY FOOD AID: RESPONSE
Office of Food for Peace
EMERGENCY FOOD AID: RESPONSE
When food insecurity is an issue and food commodities are the most effective, appropriate response
An emergency food aid process is initiated if…
identified need for food, and
beyond capacity of local authorities to respond, and either
verification that a humanitarian need exists for food aid, or
there is a UN emergency appeal, or
there is a U.S. Embassy disaster declaration
Examples:
Natural Disasters
Complex Emergencies – Prolonged civil strife
Post-Emergency Stabilization

18. Constant assessment of the severity of food (in)security
Office of Food for Peace
Constant assessment of the severity of food (in)security
Increasing severity

19. Office of Food for Peace
Most likely food security outcomes (July – September 2011) Horn of Africa
Source: FEWSNET

20. Office of Food for Peace
2010/11 rainfall compared to historical totals since 1950/51 in select pastoral areas of Kenya and Ethiopia
Source: FEWSNET

21. Emergency Food Aid: Peak Needs

23. Office of Food for Peace

24. Title II Emergency Food Aid
Office of Food for Peace
Top Ten Emergency Recipient Countries
Overview
Over $1.5 billion in FY 2010
Prioritized based on magnitude, severity of needs
Title II Emergency Food Aid
Country/
Region
FY10
(USD mil)
Ethiopia
$389.5
Sudan
$275.7
Haiti
$140.7
Kenya
$102
Chad
$98.2
Pakistan
$96.8
Congo
$85.7
Zimbabwe
$79.5
Afghanistan
$42.6
Niger
$48.7 24 24 24

25. CURRENT TITLE II NON-EMRGENCY FOOD AID STRATEGIC COUNTRY APPROACH
Current Focus Countries
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Chad
DRC
Ethiopia
Guatemala
Haiti
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mozambique
Niger
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Sudan
Uganda
Zambia
Selection criteria using weighted average of three food security indicators:
% of children stunted
% of population living under $1.25 per day
% of population undernourished
In FY10, 16 awardees implemented 42 programs in 21 countries, benefitting 7.9 million people.
In FY10, development programs used approximately 500,000 MT of food assistance, valued at more than $400 million.
Approach refined in 2008, FFP downsized from 32 to 19 countries. The approach applied only to countries which had ongoing Title II programs, countries without previous TII programs may fall within indicator criteria. Further reductions in number of countries is somewhat problematic as we need to stay within market limits for monetization in each country.
In FY10, 63.3% of total MT was monetized (~316,500MTs)
Reminder: Haiti needs monetization resolution to proceed in FY12

26. NON-EMERGENCY FOOD AID: GUIDING QUESTIONS
Office of Food for Peace
NON-EMERGENCY FOOD AID: GUIDING QUESTIONS
Does the needs assessment reveal chronic food insecurity?
Is Title II food aid the appropriate tool for addressing the identified problem?
What does the situational analysis reveal about the capacities and resources for the affected country, USAID Mission, potential partners or other donors?
Does the Bellmon Analysis indicate sufficient storage and that food aid will not cause a disincentive for local production or marketing?

27. For new Title II multi-year development programs, FFP works with Missions to put together Food Security Country Frameworks and/or Country Specific Guidance. This includes a detailed assessment to see where Title II resources should be best placed to meet mission objectives. Desire is to have Title II multi-year development programs be “Mission owned” and integrated with other mission programs. All Title II multi-year developent applications should then fit within the broader guidance of the food security framework for any given country. 27

28. TYPES OF NON-EMERGENCY FOOD AID: ACTIVITY TYPES
Food and monetization proceeds support integrated
community-based programs with activities in:
Maternal/child health and nutrition, with a focus on prevention of malnutrition during the 1000 day window of opportunity
Agricultural development/Natural resource management
Water/sanitation
Microfinance
HIV prevention, care and support 28

29. PROGRAM IMPACT EXAMPLES
Impact examples for Title II Development Programs that use a combination of monetization and direct distributions.
Haiti: Stunting prevalence showed a 16 percentage point reduction compared to control areas
Bangladesh: Child stunting was reduced by 30% and checkups during pregnancy increased from 13% to 84%
DRC: 16 kilometers of irrigation canal and 27 kilometers of feeder road repaired, allowing an increase from one to three crop cycles per year. Agriculture co-operative members increased their median annual incomes by 42%
Sierra Leone: Farmer yields increased by 77% for cassava, 66% for lowland rice, 65% for vegetable production
Ethiopia: Average household asset values increased 20%, food self-sufficiency increased 29%
FFP MCHN Development Programs: Show an average 2.4 percentage point reduction per year in chronic malnutrition in young children

30. Top Ten Non-Emergency Recipient Countries
Office of Food for Peace
Top Ten Non-Emergency Recipient Countries
Overview
Over $401 million in FY 2010
Title II Non- Emergency Food Aid
Country/
Region
FY10
(USD mil)
Ethiopia
$62.2
Bangladesh
$42
Haiti
$36.5
Sudan
$30.3
Uganda
$25
Guatemala
Mozambique
$19.6
Malawi
$18
Madagascar
$17.1
Congo
$15.6

31. Food Aid Logistics – Key Issues
Office of Food for Peace
Food Aid Logistics – Key Issues
Port capacity
Import requirements
Transport routes
Road
Rail
River
Air
Cost effectiveness
Warehousing
Locations
Cost
Monitoring
Security

32. FFP Actions IN PROGRESS to Improve Impact
An independent, meta-analysis looking at evidence of program impact across 32 countries between 2006 and 2010.
An evidence based research study but Tufts University to determine program graduation options and effective exit strategies.
An IFPRI impact evaluation of large-scale, under-two, malnutrition prevention programs to evaluate cost-effectiveness and ration sizes.
Inclusion of the 1,000 days approach for all nutrition interventions in all Title II programs.
Revision of monetization manual to guide partners on best practices and procedures for completing monetizations.
EFSP Program (local and regional procurement, cash and vouchers).
Availability of new food aid products with improved nutritional quality in FY11/12.

33. We Will Deliver