1. Protein Concentrates Pages 220-229

2. Classes of Protein Concentrates Plant –Byproducts of oilseed or grain processing Animal –Byproducts of meat, dead animal, fish or dairy processing Nonprotein Nitrogen (NPN)

3. General Characteristics of Protein Concentrates Source PlantAnimalNPN Crude protein concentration High Protein digestibilityHighVariableNA Protein qualityLow to Mod.Mod. to HighNA Ruminal protein degradability Variable High Net energy concentrationHigh Low Fiber concentrationVariableLow Calcium concentrationLowHighLow Phosphorus concentration High High, if present Phosphorus availabilityLowHighHigh, if present Vitamin ALow B vitaminsLow to Mod.Mod. to HighLow

4. Processing of Oilseed Meals Expeller process Solvent extraction Oilseed Drying Extrude through dies Hull removal Hulls Cooking Crushing Flaking Hexane extraction Meal Heat, if needed Oil Hexane & Oil Distillation Oil Hexane

5. Soybean Meal (SBM) Nutritional characteristics Solvent extractedExpeller process Protein concentration44 – 50% CP41% CP Protein digestibilityHigh, dependent on heating Amino acids, Good source ofLysine, Tryptophan LimitingMethionine Ruminal protein degradability, % 7550 TDN, %8485 NDF, %7-15% PalatabilityGood Antiquality factors Trypsin inhibitor (Destroyed by heating) Urease (Destroyed by heating) P34 protein (May cause allergic reaction in young animals)

6. Use of SBM in ration balancing –Commonly used in diets of all nonruminant and ruminant species –Expeller processed SBM may be useful in the diets of ruminants with high protein requirements High producing dairy cows Calves less than 600 lbs –Limit SBM in the early diets of young animals (To avoid allergic reactions) Milk replacers –Use purified soy protein concentrate Nursery pigs (First diet) –Use purified soy protein concentrate –Limit SBM to 12 to 15% of first diet

7. Whole (Full-fat) soybeans –Nutrition characteristics Crude protein38% Fat18% (Highly unsaturated) TDN99.8% –Processing Must heat at 100 o C for 3 minutes Destroys trypsin inhibitor and urease –Uses in diets Depends on the economics of soybean oil Nonruminants –Can replace all of the soybean meal in growing-finishing pigs –Will increase the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in the pork Ruminants –Limit to 8 lb/day in dairy cow diets to prevent milk fat depression –Liltte use in beef cattle

8. Cottonseed Meal (CSM) Nutritional characteristics –Crude protein concentration, %36-41 –Protein digestibilityHigh –Limiting amino acidsLysine, Methionine, Tryptophan –Ruminal protein degradability75 –TDN, %78 –NDF, %28 –Palatability CattleHigh Swine and poultryModerate Antiquality factors –Gossypol Toxic to young nonruminants (Pneumonia-like symptoms) Turns egg yolks green Can be avoided with degossypolized CSM or adding Ferrous Sulfate (1:1 Fe:Gossypol) to diet –Sterculic acid Turns egg whites pink

9. Uses in diets –Ruminants Can supply all of the supplemental protein Commonly fed as supplement to grazing cattle in south –Nonruminants and poultry Limit to 25 to 30% of the protein supplement Whole cottonseed –Can be fed as both an energy and protein supplement Also high in fiber –Used with lactating dairy cows –Limit to 8 lb/day

10. Sunflower Meal (SNFM) Nutritional characteristics –Crude protein concentration, %40-45 –Protein digestibilityHigh –Limiting amino acids Lysine –Ruminal protein degradability75 –TDN, %65-74 –NDF, %40 –Palatability CattleHigh Swine and poultryLow Antiquality factors –Fiber

11. Uses in diets –Ruminants Can supply all of the supplemental protein –Swine Limit to 30 to 50% of the protein supplement for pigs greater than 75 lb –Poultry Limit to 30 to 50% of the protein supplement for broiler or layer diets

12. Linseed Meal (LSM) A byproduct of flax seed processing Nutritional characteristics –Crude protein concentration, %34-38 –Protein digestibilityHigh –Limiting amino acids Lysine, Tryptophan –Ruminal protein degradability75 –TDN, %81 –NDF, %25 –PalatabilityHigh Antiquality factors –None Additional beneficial characteristic –Expeller processed LSM contains some linseed oil and mucin Increases the glossiness of the coat of horses and show cattle

13. Uses in diets –Ruminant and mature horses Can supply all of the supplemental protein –Nonruminants (including young horses) and poultry Limit to 25 to 33% of the protein supplement

14. Rapeseed (Canola) Meal Nutritional characteristics –Crude protein concentration, %35-40 –Protein digestibilityHigh –Limiting amino acids Lysine –Ruminal protein degradability75 –TDN, %69 –NDF, %17 –PalatabilityLow Antiquality factors –Goitrogens (Reduced by heating or use GM rapeseed) Erucic acid Myrosinase Uses –Ruminants Limit to 10% of the diet –Nonruminants and poultry Young swine and poultry –Limit to 5% of diet Mature swine and poultry –Lmit to 12% of diet

15. Peanut Meal Nutritional characteristics –Crude protein concentration, %40-48 –Protein digestibilityLow –Limiting amino acids Lysine, Methionine –Ruminal protein degradability77 –TDN, %75 –NDF, %14 –PalatabilityModerate Antiquality factors –Trypsin inhibitor –Mold (Aspergillus flavus) Uses –Ruminants Can comprise of all of the supplemental protein –Nonruminants and poultry Limit to 30% of the supplement Supplement with lysine and methionine

16. Why is the CP requirement of a 150 lb growing-finishing pig 15% CP? 1.To meet the N requirement for pigs fed any diet. 2.To meet the total Amino acid requirements of pigs fed any diet. 3.To meet the lysine requirements of pigs a corn-soybean meal diet. 4.To meet the essential amino acid requirements of pigs fed any diet.

17. Synthetic Amino Acids Manufactured by fermentation of corn Economically viable –L-lysine –L-methionine –L-threonine –L-tryptophan Use –Nonruminants and poultry Supply essential amino acids to young animals Reduce the amount of total crude protein required in diets –Ruminants Protected forms fed to high producing dairy cows

18. Animal Protein Concentrates Byproducts of meat, dead animal rendering, poultry, fish, or dairy processing Expensive relative to plant protein concentrates Used in small quantities Uses –Supply limiting amino acids, particularly to young animals –Replace more expensive protein sources in milk replacers –Impart additional nonnutritional benefits to young animals Enhanced immune system Increased maturity of digestive tract –Supply ruminally undegraded protein to ruminants with high protein requirements

19. Meat Processing Byproducts Product Meat mealMeat tankage SourceMeat processingMeat processing and dead animal rendering CompositionMeat scrapsAll tissue except hair, hide, and horns ProcesssingCooked in steam- jacketed kettle Cooked in stream- jacketed kettle or under direct steam Blood addedNoYes P levelIf > 4.4%, the product is called meat and bone meal If > 4.4%, the product is cattle meat and bone tankage

20. Nutritional characteristics Product Meat mealMeat tankage Protein concentration, %5060 Protein qualityGoodModerate Amino acids Good source ofLysine Limiting amino acidsTryptophan, Methionine Ruminal protein degradability, % 50 TDN, %72

21. Uses in diets –Nonruminants and poultry Feed at 5 to 10% of diet to balance lysine –Ruminants Can be fed to supply ruminal undegradable protein –Ruminants can only be fed meat meal or meat and bone meal from nonruminant species »Prevention of prion transfer that causes Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease)

22. Blood products –Blood meal Dried coagulated blood 80% Crude protein Low protein digestiblity High lysine content, but low availability (20%) Low isoleucine and methionine Low ruminal degradability (25%) Uses –Ruminant diets »Source of ruminally undegraded protein –Nonruminant diets »Only use in small quantities in diets of young pigs

23. –Spray-dried blood plasma 78% crude protein High lysine content Contains immunoglobulins –Stimulates immune function Contains peptide growth factors –Stimulates maturation of intestinal epithelium Uses –Nursery pigs »Fed at 4 to 7% of the diet –Milk replacers »Can replace all of the milk protein in replacers

24. Fish Processing Byproducts Fish meal –Produced from residues of fish processing industry or from fish caught for purpose of making fish meal –Nutritional characteristics Crude protein concentration, %35-70 Protein digestibilityHigh Amino acid compositionAll essential AA Calcium, %2.2 Phosphorus, %1.7 B vitamins High –Uses Young swine and poultry –Used in small quantities to supply deficient amino acids Little use in ruminants –Concerns Expense Unsaturated fatty acids may become rancid Imparts a fishy flavor to pork

25. Poultry Processing Byproducts Poultry byproduct meal –Composed of heads, legs, intestine, and eggs No feathers –Wet or dry rendered –Nutritional characteristics 55-65% crude protein Similar to meat and bone meal –Uses Nonruminants –Small quantities to balance lysine Ruminants –Little use

26. Feather meal –Feathers are cleaned and pressure-treated –Nutritional characteristics Crude protein, %85 Protein digestibility, %75 Limiting amino acidsLysine, Methionine, Tryptophan, Histidine –Uses Nonruminants –No more than 3% of diet Ruminants –Can be used as a source of rumen undegraded protein

27. Dairy Processing Byproducts Nutritional characteristics Product Dried skimmilkDried buttermilk Dried whey CP, % DM33 13 Protein qualityExcellent Fat, %151 Lactose35 61 Uses Ruminant and nonruminants Milk replacers or starter diets Poultry Little use Concern Expense

28. NPN supplements Used in ruminant diets for supply degradable N to the rumen bacteria Can not be used to meet the protein requirements of nonruminants and poultry NPN sources % N% CPOther Urea 42 – 45262-281Most common Biuret 35218.75Slow release N Monoammonium phosphate 956Supplies P Diammonium phosphate 17106Supplies P Ammonium sulfate 21131Supplies S

29. PROTEIN DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS True protein NPN Undegraded Small intestine Metabolizable Degraded protein Recycled via saliva (20% of dietary N) NH 3 Microbial protein NH 3 Liver Urea Kidney Excreted

30. PROTEIN DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS True protein NPN Undegraded Small intestine Metabolizable Degraded protein Recycled via saliva (20% of dietary N) NH 3 Microbial protein NH 3 Liver Urea Kidney Excreted TDN

31. Major concern with feeding NPN sources –Ammonia toxicity –Occurs when Excessive NPN is fed NPN is not properly mixed into diet Inadequate energy is fed with NPN

32. Thumbrules for NPN use –Use NPN only in diets of ruminants with low to moderate protein requirements Use in diets of: Feedlot steers > 600 lb Beef cows fed low protein roughages Dry dairy cows Do not use in diets of: Lactating dairy cows Young cattle < 600 lb –NPN should not be > 1% of the diet DM –NPN should not be > 33% of the total N of the diet –NPN should not be > 10 to 15% of the protein supplement –NPN should not be > 5% of the protein supplement fed with a low quality roughage –Supply adequate energy in the diet if NPN is added. Grain Molasses –Liquid supplements or protein tubs