1. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.1. Session 7.1. Assessment 3: Working with Sectoral Indicators - Water & Sanitation International Development Research Centre, Ottawa

2. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.2. Objectives After completing this session, participants will be able to:  Describe the concept of and the system components integral to “environmental health”  List the components of the “Hygiene Loop”  List a number of immediate, medium, and longer-term objectives of a displacement emergency water & sanitation programme.  Understand the basic standards and indicators used in water and sanitation programmes for assessing, monitoring, and designing projects

3. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.3. Water & Sanitation THE BIG ISSUES…..  The Hygiene Loop  Water Demand & Sources  Quality Requirements  Water Treatment  Site planning for sanitation  Latrines  Drainage, Drainage, Drainage WHO Photo

4. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.4. The “Hygiene Loop” and Environmental Health nA systematic approach to community health  Water  Sanitation  Hygiene nRelates infectious diseases to environmental factors nSeeks to modify environments to prevent or reduce infectious diseases through water, sanitation and hygiene education system “components”

5. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.5. Water & The Hygiene Loop Site Selection Site Selection Needs Assessment Needs Assessment Refugee Involvement Refugee Involvement Co-ordination Co-ordination Education Education Water Collection/ Transport Water Storage Food Hygiene Wastewater/ Sewage Water Supply

6. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.6. RainwaterGroundwater Surface water Trucking / tankering Existing systems Water Source Management Concerns - Dependability - Storage - Yield - Equipment - Protection - Quality - High cost - Distance - Costs

7. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.7. Water Treatment Strategies Prevention  Protection of Sources  Sanitation  Sensitization/Education Sedimentation  Settling Tanks  Storage Tanks  Storage Containers Filtration  Rapid Filters  Slow Sand Filters Disinfection  Boiling  Chemicals: Chlorination  UV WHO photo

8. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.8. Who Can Help? Local Expertise EngineersChemists/LaboratoriesRefugeesOrganizationsUNHCRICRCUNICEFUNDP/WBNGOs Red R OxfamMSF

9. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.9. Water Demand - Indicators and Planning figures... Individuals # in l/p/d Drinking 3 Cooking 3 Hygiene 8 Laundry 6 Community Health Center50 l /bed/day Feeding Center25 l /bed/day School20 l /student/day Further Needs SanitationIrrigationLivestock 15-20

10. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.10. Environmental Sanitation The goal is to improve community health through:  good quality, reliable water supply;  appropriate excreta disposal system;  an organized, well-managed solid waste disposal system;  a systematic waste water and stormwater drainage system;  a well-designed, planned housing system  a vector control mechanism.

11. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.11. Viability of Sanitation Projects is Improved When…... They are grounded in:  traditional values of the target communities  practices  skills  means They involve the beneficiaries at all stages:  needs assessment  project identification  planning, implementation, operation & maintenance  monitoring & evaluation

12. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.12. WHEN TIME IS OF THE ESSENCE…. What can be done immediately (hours and days) to reduce risks of dehydration and disease? What can be done in the short - term (days and weeks)? What can be done in the medium term (weeks and months)? What can be done for the long term (months and years?)?

13. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.13. FIRST HOURS AND DAYS Water: bottled water distributionbottled water distribution tankering w/ bladder tankstankering w/ bladder tanks treatment sachets for surface water sourcestreatment sachets for surface water sources jerry cans and containers with purifying tabletsjerry cans and containers with purifying tablets Sanitation: Protection of water sourcesProtection of water sources marked defecation areasmarked defecation areas signage and wardens to police sanitation situationsignage and wardens to police sanitation situation soapsoap UNHCR

14. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.14. FIRST DAYS AND WEEKS Water: tankering w/ bladder tankstankering w/ bladder tanks “hard” tanks & distribution systems“hard” tanks & distribution systems jerry cans and containers with purifying tabletsjerry cans and containers with purifying tablets Sanitation: Protection of water sourcesProtection of water sources marked defecation trenches or communal latrinesmarked defecation trenches or communal latrines signage and wardens to police sanitation situationsignage and wardens to police sanitation situation soapsoap education campaigneducation campaign IFRC photo OFDA

15. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.15. FIRST WEEKS AND MONTHS Water: tankering only to meet gapstankering only to meet gaps wells where possiblewells where possible purification systems where neededpurification systems where needed “hard” tanks & extended distribution systems“hard” tanks & extended distribution systems jerry cansjerry cans Sanitation: Protection of water sourcesProtection of water sources family latrines or increased numbers of community latrinesfamily latrines or increased numbers of community latrines community sanitation teamscommunity sanitation teams Solid waste disposal systemSolid waste disposal system soapsoap IRC Butyl Products MSF

16. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.16. FIRST MONTHS AND YEARS Water: tankering only to meet gaps improved wells where possible purification systems where needed maintenance of “hard” tanks & extended distribution systems jerry cans Sanitation: Protection of water sources “Soakaways” at water points family latrines (VIP type) community sanitation teams Solid waste disposal system soap Butyl Products

17. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.17. in use unused pit concrete cap removable cover slab Ventilated Improved Double Pit (VIDP) Latrine See UNHCR Handbook page 236

18. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.18. WORKING WITH INDICATORS FOR WATER: See UNHCR Handbook pages 210-237 Quantity: Minimum for survival / person per day is 7 liters Planning figures - minimum 15-20 liters per day Quality: 1 -10 faecal coliforms per 100 ml per day

19. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.19. WORKING WITH INDICATORS FOR SANITATION: See UNHCR Handbook pages 210-237 Quantity: 3.5 m trench /100 users (msf) @ 30cm w X90cm deep 1 latrine per 20 people or, better, 1 per family Soap - 250g / person / month (Sphere) Quality: Short Term - controlled areas away from water sources and shelters medium term, trenches, latrines longer term, VIP latrines

20. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.20. SOME OTHER KEY INDICATORS From Sphere: QUALITY - less than 10 faecal coliforms/100 ml QUANTITY - 20 liters per person/day LATRINES -1/20 people, or better, 1 per family DISTANCE TO LATRINES - no more than 50 meters away (or 1 minute walk) TAP STANDS - 1 tap /200 people DISTANCE TO TAP - 100m from shelter maximum SLOPE - site gradient not more than 7% without extensive engineering

21. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.21. EXPLAIN THIS PICTURE - using standards and indicators that might apply to this situaiton

22. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.22. Conclusions  Meet immediate needs immediately and improve over time  Understand and use standards and indicators for assessment, analysis, and planning  Water distribution and sanitary excreta disposal are so important (and difficult) that camp design should be centered around a water and sanitation plan.