1. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W1 1 Water in Emergencies Session 1 Water Supply Linkages

2. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W1 2 Terminology WASH WATSAN WES Water & Habitat Public health engineering Public health promotion Hygiene promotion Environmental health

3. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W1 3 Water Supply Linkages

4. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W1 4 Transmission Routes Transmission route InfectionPrevention strategies Water-borneDiarroheas and dysenteries (including cholera) Hepatitis A Improve quality of drinking water Prevent casual use of unprotected water sources Improve sanitation Improve hygiene Water-washedInfectious skin and eye diseases Louse-borne typhus Increased quantity of water used Improved accessibility & reliability of supply Improve hygiene Water-basedSchistomiasis Guinea worm Reduce need for contact with infected water Control snail populations Reduce contamination of surface waters Water-related insect vector Filariasis Malaria River blindness Yellow fever Improve surface water management Reduce need to visit breeding sites Use mosquito netting (for malaria) Personal protection repellent Cairncross & Feacham (1999, 2 nd edn) Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics

5. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W1 5 Data leads to some controversy, partly due to the difficulty of splitting impacts of interventions. For example: Hand-washing is not possible without a water supply, so ‘hand-washing’ is in fact ‘water supply and hand-washing’ Water quality at household will have involved some hygiene promotion when setting up the household water treatment processes

6. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W1 6 Data analysis is contentious Difficult to split components Agreement on the importance of hygiene, sanitation & hand- washing

7. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W1 7

8. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W1 8 Providing learning opportunities Participation, gender & representation Public Health Promotion / Water & Sanitation E.g. piped water hand pumps water filters chlorine tablets Participatory education Improve Health Prevent Epidemics Providing water of adequate quality Providing adequate quantity of water Appropriate sanitation Ensuring adequate maintenance of facilities Ensuring access to essential items e.g. soap, ORS, buckets Action for change Ownership & responsibility Technical capacity access to spare parts financing Privacy & safety Acceptable design Advocacy Public Health Promotion Model

9. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W1 9 WASH Linkages Health Nutrition Logistics Shelter Protection Early recovery ?

10. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W1 10 WASH Linkages Health Nutrition Logistics Shelter Protection Early recovery Water is life - without water, we dehydrate & die Hygiene is difficult without water, increasing diarrhoeal diseases PLWHA may have increased WASH needs Children who are malnourished are more susceptible to dying from diarrhoea People with diarrhoea cannot absorb the food they eat and hence this contributes to malnourishment Efficient logistics are essential for effective WASH programmes in emergencies – value your logistician! The siting of shelter and WASH facilities need to be coordinated effectively to enable equitable use and access Poorly sited WASH facilities, can lead to increased vulnerability and attacks on women or children including rape and can inhibit use Women and children who have to walk long distances for water can be vulnerable to attack Good WASH services at community level aids early recovery

11. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W1 11 The Importance of Context Fast onset - slow onset Conflict – war, civil war Natural disasters – flooding, landslides, drought Complex Different geographical areas and hydro- geological conditions – mountains, tropical, arid, low-lying, island etc Different cultures and social groups Urban - rural Refugees or IDPs – concentrated camps or dispersed over large areas Post conflict Structural deterioration or political crisis What is appropriate in one context may not be appropriate in the next Zaire S House / WEDC

12. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W1 12 Local authorities, community leaders, affected populations, vulnerable people Cross-sectoral, Cross-Cluster, Cross-WASH Communication Coordination Communication effective responses, best use of resources magnified benefits for, and increased accountability to the affected populations

13. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W1 13