1. Slide 1 Before we begin…P-E-G-AS
Political: Who controls what? What type of government is there? Anything to do with laws or war.
Economic: What type of economy? How do people make a living?
Geography: Where is it? Is the land mountainous? Desert? Oceanic?
Advances/Social: Religious, intellectual, artistic

2. Slide 2 Ancient River Valley Civilizations

3. Slide 3 Early River Valley Civilizations
Sumer
Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable
No natural barriers
Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings
Egypt
Flooding of the Nile predictable
Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages
Deserts were natural barriers
Indus Valley
Indus flooding unpredictable
Monsoon winds
Mountains, deserts were natural barriers
China
Huang He flooding unpredictable
Mountains, deserts natural barriers
Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations

4. Slide 4 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
Oldest known civilization
Cradle of Human Civilization
Old Testament
Nebuchadnezzar
Ziggurat (right)
Hanging gardens

5. Slide 5 Geography
This civilization rose in the valleys between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Some say this Fertile Crescent was the real Garden of Eden.
It has few natural barriers.
Natural barriers – Syrian Desert to the south and mountains to the north
Built waterways and dams to control the rivers --- able to irrigate crops; floods were a constant threat

6. Slide 6 In what modern day country was the Fertile Crescent?

7. Slide 7
Iraq

8. Slide 8 Ur, the capital city of Mesopotamia

9. Slide 9 Sumerians The Sumerians invented writing called cuneiform.
Babylonians wrote using this “wedge-shaped” writing on clay tablets.
Number system based on 60.
12 month calendar
wheel, plow , sailboat

10. Slide 10 More cuneiform writing

11. Slide 11 Ancient Mesopotamia Social Classes
Kings, Priests, Gov’t officials
Artisans, merchants, farmers, and fishers
Enslaved people

12. Slide 12 More ziggurats

14. Slide 13 Hanging Gardens of Babylonia

15. Slide 14 Babylon under King Nebuchadnezzar II.
Herodotus (historian in 450 B.C.) was quoted as saying the following: "In addition to its size, Babylon surpasses in splendor any city in the known world."
Outer walls were 56 miles in length, 80 feet thick and 320 feet high. Wide enough to allow a four-horse chariot to turn.
Inside the walls were fortresses and temples containing immense statues of solid gold.
Rising above the city was the famous Tower of Babel, a temple to the god Marduk, that seemed to reach to the heavens
The ancient city of Babylon, under King Nebuchadnezzar II, must have been a wonder to the traveler's eyes. "In addition to its size," wrote Herodotus, a historian in 450 BC, "Babylon surpasses in splendor any city in the known world."
Herodotus claimed the outer walls were 56 miles in length, 80 feet thick and 320 feet high. Wide enough, he said, to allow a four-horse chariot to turn. The inner walls were "not so thick as the first, but hardly less strong." Inside the walls were fortresses and temples containing immense statues of solid gold. Rising above the city was the famous Tower of Babel, a temple to the god Marduk, that seemed to reach to the heavens

16. Slide 15 Another painting of the hanging gardens with Tower of Babel in back
                                                                

17. Slide 16 Economic: Trade and Farming
Traditional Economy
Sumerians (Mesopotamians) were known to trade with the Egyptians and the Indus Valley civilizations.
In later years, these trade routes became Silk Road.

18. Slide 17 Sumerians Invented The Wheel
The wheel was invented by 6000 BC
It helped military, farming and trade.
At right, this is made of wood.

19. Slide 18 Political: Mesopotamian Law
Code of Hammurabi
“eye for an eye tooth for a tooth”

20. Slide 20 ANCIENT EGYPT Nile River Mummies Pharaohs Rameses
King Tutankhamen
Hieroglyphics

21. Slide 21 Egyptian Civilization
Egyptian civilization arose after Mesopotamia.
Geography: It was centered around the Nile River.

22. The Nile River

23. Slide 21 Nile River Provided fish Supported plants and animals
Two rivers, Blue Nile and White Nile, join to make the Nile River.
World’s longest river
Flows south to north
Floods watered the land and provided fertile soils for crops to grow.
LONGEST RIVER IN THE WORLD---4, 150 MILES LONG
(some sources say 4, 135—all the way up to 4, 160 miles) (debated between Nile and Amazon as to which one is longest)
*Provided transportation, water for bathing, drinking water for people and animal
*Delta marshes no harbors for invaders

25. Shows were the Blue Nile begins.

27. Slide 22 The Sahara Desert.
Largest desert in the world.
Egypt is naturally protected from enemies because it was surrounded by deserts, rivers, deltas, and cataracts (rapids).
Located in northern Africa, south of Mediterranean Sea, west of Red Sea (connect with Israelites).
DEFENSES: Nile delta, Sahara Desert, Eastern Desert, Nile cataracts

28. Slide 23 Pyramids Pyramids were tombs for the kings.
The most famous are the Giza pyramids (shown to left).
These were built in 3500 B.C.E.
How old are they?
Why would a pharaoh’s body need protection? From floods, grave robbers, wild animals
What supplies did pyramids hold? Those that the pharaoh might need in the spirit world such as clothing, furniture, jewelry and food

29. Nobody knows exactly what lies inside a blocked shaft of the Great Pyramid. It has 3 doors barring the way to a queen’s 4,000 yr old sarcophagus. In the early 2000s, scientists sent a small robot into the shaft to take a look at the “Queen’s Chamber.” However, the doors did their work well. Not even the robot could squeeze past.

31. Slide 24 Political: Egyptian Pharaohs
Egyptians were led by Pharaohs, who were priest-kings.
The most famous pharaoh is King Tut.
Using computers, this image was reconstructed using his remains.
Eventually, Egypt was divided into 2 kingdoms (Upper and Lower).
Early period – there were village chefs.
2 kingdoms – Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt --- both ruled by a king or a pharaoh. First woman ruler was Hatshepsut.

32. No one is sure what happened to Tut (fall or murdered)
No one is sure what happened to Tut (fall or murdered). He played only a small role in Egypt’s history. He captured people’s imaginations after a British imaginations after a British archaeologist, Howard Carter, found his tomb in A.D Tomb contained the king’s mummy and incredible treasures, including a brilliant gold mask of the young pharaoh’s face. Carter’s find was a thrilling discovery b/c most royal tombs in Egypt had been looted yrs ago.
Tutankhamun

33. Click on picture of him – website of virtual tour of his tomb

34. Tutankhamen on the throne

35. Abu Simbel was built by Ramseses II

36. Slide 25 Egypt’s Religion
They believed in many gods and goddesses and in life after death for the pharaohs.
Hapi – main god
Isis – main goddess
Book of the Dead
Book of the Dead was a collection of spells, incantations, magic, etc.
Life after death was at first only for pharaohs

37. Slide 26 Mummies
Egyptians who could afford to do so would have themselves mummified.
They believed in a better afterlife if their body was preserved.

38. Slide 27 Mummification Process
Took out all of the internal organs, except the heart because it was believed to be the intelligence and emotion of the person.
Organs were put in canopic jars, that were put in the tomb with the mummy.
Brain was taken out through the nose because it had no significant value.
The body was packed and covered with natron (a salty drying agent). Then the body was left for days. 

39. Mummies

40. Slide 28 Egyptians wrote in hieroglyphics
Made up of sound and picture symbols
Only scribes (men) were taught to write

41. Hieroglyphics

42. Slide 29 What did Egyptians write on?
Papyrus
Also used to make baskets, sandals and river rafts
Early Egyptian contributions: geometry, papyrus, and hieroglyphics

43. The Great Sphinx is located on the Giza plateau, about six miles west of Cairo.
According to an ancient Greek myth, a sphinx slew all people who could not answer its riddle: “What walks on four feet in the morning, on two at noon, and three in the evening?” Oedipus answered the riddle: “Man crawls as a baby, walks an adult, and uses a cane in old age.” The sphinx then killed itself. 7 wonders of the ancient world were: the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Temple of Artemis, the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the Mausoleum at Halicamassus, the Statute of Zeus at Olympia, the Great Pyramid at Giza, and the Colossus of Rhodes. Assign students to find pictures to create their own “Seven Wonders of Ancient Egypt” booklet or diorama

44. Slide 30 Egyptian Social Classes
Higher on the pyramid – the more money you had; Middle class ran businesses and sold goods.; farmers made up large part of population; unskilled workers carried cargo from boats to market. Diets of bread, beer, veggies, and fruits; father was head of family; girls learned to sew and cook from mothers; boys learned farming and other trades from fathers; children did not attend school and played various games.

45. Slide 31 Egyptian Economy
Although Egypt looks really sophisticated, the economy is a traditional economy based on farming and trade.
Egyptians traded up and down the Nile, with Mesopotamians and sometimes with the Indus Valley (in Pakistan)

47. Indus Valley Civilization

48. Slide 33 The Land of India Subcontinent Himalaya Mountains
Five nations of today:
India,
Pakistan in the NW,
Nepal,
Bhutan, and
Bangladesh in NE
It looks like a diamond hanging from the bottom of Asia. It is a subcontinent because even though it is part of Asia, huge mountains separate it from the rest of Asia.
4/17/2017

49. Slide 34 Fertile River Valleys
2 river valleys: Ganges and Indus
South is dry and hilly (Deccan Plateau)
Eastern and Western coasts are lush, fertile plains.
Monsoons
Winter – cold, dry air from mts
Summer – warm, wet air from
the Arabian Sea
Two very fertile river valleys. Snow melts in the Himalaya and its water flows into the Ganges and Indus rivers. This makes the land near here good for farming. Do you have tornadoes or hurricanes where you live? Geography and weather affected India’s first civilization. Monsoons are impt part of the Indian climate. A monsoon is a strong wind that blows one direction in winter and the opposite in summer. If rains come on time and the rainy season last long enough, the crop will be good. If it is delayed, a drought will occur (like summer of 2012).
4/17/2017

50. Slide 35 Indus River Valley
This civilization is still mysterious.
The writing has not been translated.

51. Slide 36 Indus River Civilization
We do know the cities were sophisticated enough to have brick walls surrounding them for protection against flooding from the Indus River.

52. Slide 37 India’s greatest advancements were in mathematics.
Invented the zero and the symbol for it (another for infinity)
They invented the number system we use today (1-9)
Algebra
Set algorithms
Algorithms – way to solve problems
Performing mathematical functions with Indian-Arabic numerals is simpler than with Roman numerals because the former system is a base-ten system that uses place value.
Roman Indian-Arabic
XXV XX IIIII XX IIIII 25
XIII X III - X III
X II 12

53. Slide 38 Ancient India’s contributions
Farmers raised cattle, made the cow sacred and could not be killed.
Grew wheat, millet, barley, and rice
Developed iron plow
Developed a written language – Sanskitt
Millet – small seeded grasses --- typically used for cereals, etc.
Iron plow – used for irrigation and for the jungle areas.

54. Slide 39Ancient India’s religions
Hinduism-Many gods, reincarnation- (Birth-Death-Rebirth), and Dharma is their law
Buddhism-Nirvana, 4 Noble Truths, No material possessions

55. Slide 40 Indus Economy
Just like the other river valley civilizations, the Indus river valley people were mostly farmers.
Traditional economy
They traded with the Chinese, with the Sumerians (Mesopotamians) and sometimes with the Egyptians.

56. Slide 41 Ancient India rulers
Dynasty – a series of rulers from the same family.
1st dynasty – Mauryan family
Gupta dynasty
Mahabbarata
Dynasty – grandfather was ruler, then father, son, and grandson. Egypt also had dynasties. Gupta dynasty was important because of their advancements in math and science. Mahabbarata was a long sacred text of about 88,000 verses that teaches morals (and had stories).

57. Slide 42 ANCIENT CHINA Great Wall Began 2000 B.C. Mandate of Heaven
Dynasties
Silk
Astronomy

58. Yangtze River or Chang Jiang is longer than the Yellow River and flows for about 3,400 miles east across central China where it empties into the Yellow Sea. Has rich soil for farming.
Only a little more than 1/10th of the land can be farmed because mts and deserts cover most of the land. These mts and deserts shape China’s history because they were like a wall around the Chinese separating them from most other peoples.

59. Slide 43 Yellow River Civilization
Ancient China was formed around the Yellow River.
The color yellow symbolized “centrality”, as in China is the center of the world.
Huang He (Yellow River)
It gets its name from teh rich yellow soil it carries from Mongolia to the Pacific Ocean.
It floods – Good: leaves behind rich topsoil in the valley which allows a large amount of food to grow on small farms; Bad: many people drowned and homes were destroyed (call it “China’s sorrow”).

60. Slide 44 Chinese Accomplishments
During the Zhou and Shang periods
achievements in astronomy and bronze work
learned to make silk
create books
developed a complex system of writing.

61. Slide 45 The Chinese Language
3 examples:
1. Pictographs-Pictures that represent things.
2. Ideographs – join together two or more pictographs to form an idea.
3. Chinese Calligraphy
Most characters in their language represent whole words and not sounds.

62. Slide 46 Example of Chinese Calligraphy

63. Slide 47 Ancient Chinese Social Classes
Landowning aristocrats
Peasant farmers
Merchants

64. Slide 48 E:Chinese Invented Silk
Silk was exotic and expensive, so it was good for trading with the rest of the world.
It is made from silk worms.
Silk also makes “paper”

65. Slide 49 Silk worm

66. Slide 50 Ancient China Economy
Farming and trade
Traditional economy
First to develop terrace farming-Solution for farming on hillsides. People use Terraces or different levels for farming.
This method is still used today for rice and other crops.
Chinese Rice Terrace

67. dyn

68. Slide 51 Dynasty
Dynasty-A family or group that maintains power for generations
Xia dynasty -1st dynasty
Shang dynasty – built first Chinese cities
1750 B.C. – 1045 B.C.

70. Slide 52 Confucius’ ideas
Restore family order and social harmony:
Fathers should display high moral values to inspire their families.
Children should respect and obey their parents.
All family members should be loyal to each other.
Government:
Moral leadership, not laws, brought order to China.
A king should lead by example, inspiring good behavior in all of his subjects.
The lower classes would learn by following the example of their superiors.

71. Slide 53 Ancient Chinese Religion
Believed in gods and spirits
Had to keep them happy by offerings of food and other goods
Angry gods and spirits may cause a poor harvest or armies to lose a battle
Kings received power and wisdom from them
Spirits lived in the mountains, rivers, and seas. Kings contacted them before making important decisions. The kings had priests scratch questions on the oracle bones such as “Will I win the battle?” and “Will I recover from my illness?” then the priests placed hot metal rods inside the bones causing them to crack. They believed that the pattern of the cracks formed answers from the gods. The priests interrupted the answers an wrote them down for the kings. Scratches on oracle bones are the earliest known examples of Chinese writing.

72. Ancient China

73. The Great Wall of China was built to keep the Mongols out.

74. Many died building it, and their bodies were used as filler for it.