1. Before we begin…P-E-G-AS
Political: Who controls what? What type of government is there? Anything to do with laws or war.
Economic: What type of economy? How do people make a living?
Geography: Where is it? Is the land mountainous? Desert? Oceanic?
Advances/Social: Religious, intellectual, artistic

2. Ancient River Valley Civilizations

3. Early River Valley Civilizations
Sumer
Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable
No natural barriers
Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings
Egypt
Flooding of the Nile predictable
Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages
Deserts were natural barriers
Indus Valley
Indus flooding unpredictable
Monsoon winds
Mountains, deserts were natural barriers
China
Huang He flooding unpredictable
Mountains, deserts natural barriers
Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations

4. ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA Oldest known civilization
Cradle of Human Civilization
Old Testament
Nebuchadnezzar
Ziggurat (right)
Hanging gardens

5. Geography
This civilization rose in the valleys between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Some say this Fertile Crescent was the real Garden of Eden.
It has few natural barriers.
Natural barriers – Syrian Desert to the south and mountains to the north
Built waterways and dams to control the rivers --- able to irrigate crops; floods were a constant threat

6. In what modern day country was the Fertile Crescent?

7. Iraq

8. Ur, the capital city of Mesopotamia

9. Political: What was the earliest kingdom in Mesopotamia? The second?
Government was centered on city-states led by a king, priests, and eventually an empire with one king formed.

10. Social The Sumerians invented writing called cuneiform.
Babylonians wrote using this “wedge-shaped” writing on clay tablets.
Number system based on 60.
12 month calendar
wheel, plow , sailboat

11. More cuneiform writing

12. Ancient Mesopotamia Social Classes
Kings, Priests, Gov’t officials
Artisans, merchants, farmers, and fishers
Enslaved people

13. More ziggurats

15. Hanging Gardens of Babylonia

16. Babylon under King Nebuchadnezzar II.
Herodotus (historian in 450 B.C.) was quoted as saying the following: "In addition to its size, Babylon surpasses in splendor any city in the known world."
Outer walls were 56 miles in length, 80 feet thick and 320 feet high. Wide enough to allow a four-horse chariot to turn.
Inside the walls were fortresses and temples containing immense statues of solid gold.
Rising above the city was the famous Tower of Babel, a temple to the god Marduk, that seemed to reach to the heavens
The ancient city of Babylon, under King Nebuchadnezzar II, must have been a wonder to the traveler's eyes. "In addition to its size," wrote Herodotus, a historian in 450 BC, "Babylon surpasses in splendor any city in the known world."
Herodotus claimed the outer walls were 56 miles in length, 80 feet thick and 320 feet high. Wide enough, he said, to allow a four-horse chariot to turn. The inner walls were "not so thick as the first, but hardly less strong." Inside the walls were fortresses and temples containing immense statues of solid gold. Rising above the city was the famous Tower of Babel, a temple to the god Marduk, that seemed to reach to the heavens

17. Another painting of the hanging gardens with Tower of Babel in back
                                                                

18. Economic: Trade and Farming
Traditional Economy
Sumerians (Mesopotamians) were known to trade with the Egyptians and the Indus Valley civilizations.
In later years, these trade routes became Silk Road.

19. Sumerians Invented The Wheel
The wheel was invented by 6000 BC
It helped military, farming and trade.
At right, this is made of wood.

20. Political: Mesopotamian Law
Code of Hammurabi
“eye for an eye tooth for a tooth”

21. That concludes Mesopotamia.
Any questions before the quiz?

22. Mesopotamia Quiz
Political: What law system did Sumerians use? Hint: It can be summed: eye for eye; tooth for tooth.
Economic: How did Mesopotamians earn a living?
Geography: Between what 2 rivers did the Fertile Crescent appear?
Social: What type of writing did they use? What type of religion did they have? What were their worship “areas” called?

23. ANCIENT EGYPT Nile River Mummies Pharaohs Rameses King Tutankhamen
Hieroglyphics

24. Egyptian Civilization
Egyptian civilization arose after Mesopotamia.
Geography: It was centered around the Nile River.

25. The Nile River

26. Nile River Provided fish Supported plants and animals
Two rivers, Blue Nile and White Nile, join to make the Nile River.
World’s longest river
Flows south to north
Floods watered the land and provided fertile soils for crops to grow.
LONGEST RIVER IN THE WORLD---4, 150 MILES LONG
(some sources say 4, 135—all the way up to 4, 160 miles) (debated between Nile and Amazon as to which one is longest)
*Provided transportation, water for bathing, drinking water for people and animal
*Delta marshes no harbors for invaders

28. Shows were the Blue Nile begins.

30. The Sahara Desert. Largest desert in the world.
Egypt is naturally protected from enemies because it was surrounded by deserts, rivers, deltas, and cataracts (rapids).
Located in northern Africa, south of Mediterranean Sea, west of Red Sea (connect with Israelites).
DEFENSES: Nile delta, Sahara Desert, Eastern Desert, Nile cataracts

31. Delta
In addition to the delta and deserts, Egypt has mountains around it as well. (Mt. Sinai and Mt. St. Catherine)

32. Pyramids Pyramids were tombs for the kings.
The most famous are the Giza pyramids (shown to left).
These were built in 3500 B.C.E.
How old are they?
Why would a pharaoh’s body need protection? From floods, grave robbers, wild animals
What supplies did pyramids hold? Those that the pharaoh might need in the spirit world such as clothing, furniture, jewelry and food

33. Nobody knows exactly what lies inside a blocked shaft of the Great Pyramid. It has 3 doors barring the way to a queen’s 4,000 yr old sarcophagus. In the early 2000s, scientists sent a small robot into the shaft to take a look at the “Queen’s Chamber.” However, the doors did their work well. Not even the robot could squeeze past.

35. Political: Egyptian Pharaohs
Egyptians were led by Pharaohs, who were priest-kings.
The most famous pharaoh is King Tut.
Using computers, this image was reconstructed using his remains.
Eventually, Egypt was divided into 2 kingdoms (Upper and Lower).
Early period – there were village chefs.
2 kingdoms – Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt --- both ruled by a king or a pharaoh. First woman ruler was Hatshepsut.

36. No one is sure what happened to Tut (fall or murdered)
No one is sure what happened to Tut (fall or murdered). He played only a small role in Egypt’s history. He captured people’s imaginations after a British imaginations after a British archaeologist, Howard Carter, found his tomb in A.D Tomb contained the king’s mummy and incredible treasures, including a brilliant gold mask of the young pharaoh’s face. Carter’s find was a thrilling discovery b/c most royal tombs in Egypt had been looted yrs ago.
Tutankhamun

37. Click on picture of him – website of virtual tour of his tomb

38. Tutankhamen on the throne

39. Abu Simbel was built by Ramseses II

40. Egypt’s Religion
They believed in many gods and goddesses and in life after death for the pharaohs.
Hapi – main god
Isis – main goddess
Book of the Dead
Book of the Dead was a collection of spells, incantations, magic, etc.
Life after death was at first only for pharaohs

41. Mummies
Egyptians who could afford to do so would have themselves mummified.
They believed in a better afterlife if their body was preserved.

42. Mummification Process
Took out all of the internal organs, except the heart because it was believed to be the intelligence and emotion of the person.
Organs were put in canopic jars, that were put in the tomb with the mummy.
Brain was taken out through the nose because it had no significant value.
he body was packed and covered with natron (a salty drying agent). Then the body was left for days. 

43. Mummies

44. Egyptians wrote in hieroglyphics
Made up of sound and picture symbols
Only scribes (men) were taught to write

45. Hieroglyphics

46. What did Egyptians write on?
Papyrus
Also used to make baskets, sandals and river rafts
Early Egyptian contributions: geometry, papyrus, and hieroglyphics

47. The Great Sphinx is located on the Giza plateau, about six miles west of Cairo.
According to an ancient Greek myth, a sphinx slew all people who could not answer its riddle: “What walks on four feet in the morning, on two at noon, and three in the evening?” Oedipus answered the riddle: “Man crawls as a baby, walks an adult, and uses a cane in old age.” The sphinx then killed itself. 7 wonders of the ancient world were: the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Temple of Artemis, the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the Mausoleum at Halicamassus, the Statute of Zeus at Olympia, the Great Pyramid at Giza, and the Colossus of Rhodes. Assign students to find pictures to create their own “Seven Wonders of Ancient Egypt” booklet or diorama

48. Egyptian Social Classes
Higher on the pyramid – the more money you had; Middle class ran businesses and sold goods.; farmers made up large part of population; unskilled workers carried cargo from boats to market. Diets of bread, beer, veggies, and fruits; father was head of family; girls learned to sew and cook from mothers; boys learned farming and other trades from fathers; children did not attend school and played various games.

49. Nubia
People around the world have learned about the glorious past of the Egyptian empire, but most have failed to learn of the Nubia, which was sometimes even stronger than the Egyptian empire. Nubia rivaled Egypt in wealth and power, and they mutually influenced each other.

50. Egyptian Economy
Although Egypt looks really sophisticated, the economy is a traditional economy based on farming and trade.
Egyptians traded up and down the Nile, with Mesopotamians and sometimes with the Indus Valley (in Pakistan)

51. Any questions before the quiz?
That concludes Egypt.
Any questions before the quiz?

52. Egypt Quiz 1.What river is the basis for Egyptian civilization?
2.What “paper” did Egyptians write on?
3. What is an Egyptian ruler called?
4.What writing system did Egyptians use?
5.What other African kingdom did Egypt trade and interact with?
6. What type of economic system did Egypt have?

54. Indus Valley Civilization

55. The Land of India Subcontinent Himalaya Mountains
Five nations of today:
India,
Pakistan in the NW,
Nepal,
Bhutan, and
Bangladesh in NE
It looks like a diamond hanging from the bottom of Asia. It is a subcontinent because even though it is part of Asia, huge mountains separate it from the rest of Asia.
4/15/2017

56. Fertile River Valleys 2 river valleys: Ganges and Indus
South is dry and hilly (Deccan Plateau)
Eastern and Western coasts are lush, fertile plains.
Monsoons
Winter – cold, dry air from mts
Summer – warm, wet air from
the Arabian Sea
Two very fertile river valleys. Snow melts in the Himalaya and its water flows into the Ganges and Indus rivers. This makes the land near here good for farming. Do you have tornadoes or hurricanes where you live? Geography and weather affected India’s first civilization. Monsoons are impt part of the Indian climate. A monsoon is a strong wind that blows one direction in winter and the opposite in summer. If rains come on time and the rainy season last long enough, the crop will be good. If it is delayed, a drought will occur (like summer of 2012).
4/15/2017

57. G: In what modern day country was the Indus Valley civilization?
Pakistan

58. This map shows the mts., plateau, rivers, ocean, bay, desert, etc.
Indus River begins in the Himalayan Mountains. Flows south westward to the Arabian Sea.
Ganges River also begins in the Himalayan Mountains. Flows south eastward to the Bay of Bengal.
Ganges River Valley led to a settlement then empire and the development of early India.

62. Monsoons are important to India because the monsoon rains brought lots of water for their crops but also caused flooding problems for people.

63. Indus River Valley This civilization is still mysterious.
The writing has not been translated.

64. Indus River Civilization
We do know the cities were sophisticated enough to have brick walls surrounding them for protection against flooding from the Indus River.

65. Ancient India’s Social Classes

66. Various artifacts found

67. What are artifacts?
Artifact—a human-made object, typically of cultural or historical interest

68. India’s greatest advancements were in mathematics.
Invented the zero and the symbol for it (another for infinity)
The number system we use today (1-9)
Algebra
Set algorithms
Algorithms – way to solve problems
Performing mathematical functions with Indian-Arabic numerals is simpler than with Roman numerals because the former system is a base-ten system that uses place value.
Roman Indian-Arabic
XXV XX IIIII XX IIIII 25
XIII X III - X III
X II 12

69. Ancient India’s contributions
Farmers raised cattle, made the cow sacred and could not be killed.
Grew wheat, millet, barley, and rice
Developed iron plow
Developed a written language – Sanskitt
Millet – small seeded grasses --- typically used for cereals, etc.
Iron plow – used for irrigation and for the jungle areas.

70. Ancient India’s religions
Hinduism
Buddhism

71. Hinduism 3rd largest in the world
Four Vedas (sacred writings)– basic principles formulated here
Brahman – one universal spirit with different parts
Brahmins – priests
Upanishads – sacred texts
Reincarnation
Dharma – divine law
Upanishads – sacred texts – taught that one searches for the universal spirit to unite with Brahman (A soul that becomes one with Brahman is like a lump of salt thrown into water. The lump of salt is gone, but the water tastes salty. The salt has become part of the water.)
Reincarnation – belief that one passes through many lives to reach Brahman; while going through these lives, one must perform his/her duty-determined by your caste. If you were a farmer, you continued to go about performing farming activities; KARMA – consequences of how a person lives --- If you do your duty/perform your duties, have good karma. If you do not, you have bad karma.

72. Major Hindu Deities
How does this compare with Egyptian or Israelite religions?

73. Buddhism Founded by Siddhartha Guatama Nirvana – state of wisdom
4 Noble Truths
Life is full of suffering.
People suffer because they desire worldly things and self-satisfaction.
The way to end suffering is to stop desiring things.
The only way to stop desiring things is to follow the Eightfold Path.
Founder was a prince born near what today is Nepal. Had everything and knew not want. One day traveled outside and saw the need (illnesses, beggars, etc.) and let everything to search for a cure. Lived like a hermit nearly starving to death. Then he decided to mediate and after 49 days, he understood. Went telling about what he discovered. His lessons about life and the nature of suffering became known as Buddhism. And he as Buddha, “Enlightened One”
He didn’t believe that trees, houses, animals, poverty, sickness, etc. were real – just illusions. To find the truth about the world was to give up all desires.
Nirvana – to achieve it, one gives up all desires; not a place but a state of wisdom
One arrives at the 4 Noble Truths by traveling the Eightfold Path. 4 Noble Truths are:
1. Life is full of suffering.
2. People suffer because they desire worldly things and self-satisfaction.
3. The way to end suffering is to stop desiring things.
4.The only way to stop desiring things is to follow the Eightfold Path.
Buddhism did not defend the caste system set up by Hinduism.

74. Eightfold Path Know and understand the Four Noble Truths.
Give up worldly things and don’t harm others.
Tell the truth, don’t gossip, and don’t speak badly of others.
Don’t commit evil acts, like killing, stealing, or living an unclean life.
Do rewarding work.
Work for good and oppose evil.
Make sure your mind keeps your senses under control.
Practice meditation as a way of understanding reality.
His ideas became popular because he didn’t defend the caste system. A person’s place in life depended upon the person. Did believe in reincarnation but thought if you wanted to stop being reborn into news lives, they would only have to follow the Eightfold Path. Think about what social class would like this the best.

75. Buddhist followers split into two groups
Theravada – did not view him as a god
Mahayana Buddhism – Buddha was a god who came to save people
Believe worshipping Buddha (instant of the Eightfold Path) will get you to heaven.
Tibet – Buddhist leaders are called lamas run the government (Theocracy)
Today, many Buddhists live in countries like Thailand, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka.

76. Indus Economy
Just like the other river valley civilizations, the Indus river valley people were mostly farmers.
Traditional economy
They traded with the Chinese, with the Sumerians (Mesopotamians) and sometimes with the Egyptians.

77. Ancient India rulers
Dynasty – a series of rulers from the same family.
1st dynasty – Mauryan family
Gupta dynasty
Mahabbarata
Dynasty – grandfather was ruler, then father, son, and grandson. Egypt also had dynasties. Gupta dynasty was important because of their advancements in math and science. Mahabbarata was a long sacred text of about 88,000 verses that teaches morals (and had stories).

78. That concludes Indus River Valley Civilization.
Get ready for the quiz.

79. Indus River Quiz
P: Why do we know so little of the power structure in the Indus Valley?
E: How did the Indus make a living?
G:In what modern day country are the settlements of the Indus River Valley civilization?
G:Why did the cities have so many walls?
S: How do Indus artifacts demonstrate that the the the Indus Valley was sophisticated?

80. ANCIENT CHINA Great Wall Began 2000 B.C. Mandate of Heaven Dynasties
Silk
Astronomy

81. As in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and along the Indus River, Chinese civilization began within a major river valley. Modern China itself is a huge geographical expanse. Around 4000 BC, this huge area contained an almost infinite number of ethnic groups and languages. This history, in which a vast area populated by diverse ethnic groups became, over time, a more or less single culture, began in the Yellow River Valley.

82. Yangtze River or Chang Jiang is longer than the Yellow River and flows for about 3,400 miles east across central China where it empties into the Yellow Sea. Has rich soil for farming.
Only a little more than 1/10th of the land can be farmed because mts and deserts cover most of the land. These mts and deserts shape China’s history because they were like a wall around the Chinese separating them from most other peoples.

83. Yellow River Civilization
G:Ancient China was formed around the Yellow River.
The color yellow symbolized “centrality”, as in China is the center of the world.
Huang He (Yellow River)
It gets its name from teh rich yellow soil it carries from Mongolia to the Pacific Ocean.
It floods – Good: leaves behind rich topsoil in the valley which allows a large amount of food to grow on small farms; Bad: many people drowned and homes were destroyed (call it “China’s sorrow”).

86. Chinese Accomplishments
During the Zhou and Shang periods
achievements in astronomy and bronze work
learned to make silk
create books
developed a complex system of writing.

87. S:Chinese Astronomy
2137 BC- Chinese book 书经 records the earliest known solar eclipse on October 22nd.
ca BC - Chinese determine that Jupiter needs 12 years to complete one revolution of its orbit.
ca BC - Chinese record the regularity of solar and lunar eclipses and the earliest known solar variation日珥.
ca BC - Chinese divide the sky into twenty eight regions 二十八宿 for recognitions of the stars.
ca BC - Chinese first determine the spring equinox 黄赤交角.
776 BC - Chinese make the earliest reliable record of solar eclipse.

88. The Chinese Language Pictographs
Ideographs – join together two or more pictographs to form an idea
Most characters in their language represent whole words and not sounds.

90. Ancient Chinese Social Classes
Landowning aristocrats
Peasant farmers
Merchants

91. E:Chinese Invented Silk
Silk was exotic and expensive, so it was good for trading with the rest of the world.
It is made from silk worms.
Silk also makes “paper”

92. Silk worm

93. Ancient China Economy Farming and trade Traditional economy
First to develop terrace farming
This method is still used today for rice and other crops.
Chinese Rice Terrace

94. dyn

95. In the Middle Ages, the Arabs made known throughout Muslim Spain a material which was to replace all its predecessors. This was paper, whose manufacture they imported from far distant and mysterious realm of China. The first paper appeared in China about 200 BC. Its name is derived from papyrus. Silk was transformed into paper by a process of pasting, but because silk was expensive, wool and cotton came to be used instead. This invention was attributed to Ts'ai Lun.
The picture above is the manufacturing process used by the Chinese. They steeped mulberry or bamboo bark in water, then kneaded it to produce a paste from which they obtained smooth thin sheets of paper.
                                                                                                                                                                          

96. Dynasty Xia dynasty -1st dynasty
Shang dynasty – built first Chinese cities
1750 B.C. – 1045 B.C.

98. According to Chinese political theory, every dynasty goes through the so-called dynastic cycle:
A new ruler unites China and founds a new dynasty.
China, under the new dynasty, achieves prosperity and a new golden age.
The royal family of the dynasty begins to decay, corruption becomes rampant in the imperial court, and the empire begins to enter decline and instability.
The dynasty loses the Mandate of Heaven, their legitimacy to rule, and is overthrown by a rebellion. The Mandate of Heaven is then passed to the next dynasty.

100. Chinese Thinkers
Three major theories about how to create a peaceful society.
Confucianism
Daoism
Legalism

102. Confucius’ ideas Restore family order and social harmony:
Fathers should display high moral values to inspire their families.
Children should respect and obey their parents.
All family members should be loyal to each other.
Government:
Moral leadership, not laws, brought order to China.
A king should lead by example, inspiring good behavior in all of his subjects.
The lower classes would learn by following the example of their superiors.

103. Ancient Chinese Religion
Believed in gods and spirits
Had to keep them happy by offerings of food and other goods
Angry gods and spirits may cause a poor harvest or armies to lose a battle
Kings received power and wisdom from them
Spirits lived in the mountains, rivers, and seas. Kings contacted them before making important decisions. The kings had priests scratch questions on the oracle bones such as “Will I win the battle?” and “Will I recover from my illness?” then the priests placed hot metal rods inside the bones causing them to crack. They believed that the pattern of the cracks formed answers from the gods. The priests interrupted the answers an wrote them down for the kings. Scratches on oracle bones are the earliest known examples of Chinese writing.

104. Ancient China

105. The Great Wall of China was built to keep the Mongols out.

106. Many died building it, and their bodies were used as filler for it.

108. Any questions before we take the quiz?
That concludes China.
Any questions before we take the quiz?

109. Ancient China Quiz
P: In China, according to the dynastic cycle, what happened to “bad kings”?
E: How did the Chinese earn a living?
G: Around what river was the earliest Chinese civilization centered?
S: What technological advancements did the Chinese have?