1. Psyc 552 Ergonomics & Biomechanics Lecture 3

2. Anatomy & Work Evaluation  Primary tool of ergonomists is surface anatomy. The objective is to visualize the structures below the skin.

3. Anatomical Position  Standing erect  Head, eyes, & toes forward  Heels and toes together  Upper limbs handing by side  Palms facing anteriorly.

4. Anatomical Planes  Median…  Sagittal…  Coronal…  Horizontal, transverse, axial… Image from http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article1023.html

5. Directional Terms  Superior…  Inferior…  Anterior…  Posterior…

6. Directional Terms (cont)  Medial…  Lateral…  Proximal…  Distal…

7. Directional Terms  Superficial…  Deep…  Parietal…  Visceral…  Ipsilateral…  Contralateral…

8. Describing Movement  Flexion…  Extension…  Hyperextension…  Abduction…

9. Describing Movement (cont)  Abduction…  Adduction…  Opposition…  Protraction…

10. Describing Movement (cont)  Retraction…  Elevation…  Depression…  Circumduction…

11. Describing Movement (cont)  Rotation… Medial rotation… Lateral rotation…

12. Describing Movement (cont)  Eversion of the foot…  Inversion of the foot…

13. Connective tissue  Bones, ligaments, tendons, fascia, and cartilage are all connective tissue.  Connective tissue provides…

14. Bones  Osteology – (osteon = bone; logos = study) can be considered bone or tissue.  Divided into two groups…

15. Long bones  Shaft / Diaphysis  Head / Epiphyses Image from http://www.gen.umn.edu/courses/1135/lab/appendskellab/head.jpg

16. Bone Physiology  Cortical bone – compact bone  Cancellous bone – trabecular bone

17. Bone Architecture  Bone structure varies according to its function  Long bones – are rigid

18.  Tubercles and tuberosities and ridges and crests increase rigidity

19. Bone Architecture (cont)  Bone elasticity results from organic matter  Rigidity results from lamella…

20. Image from http://www.med.uiuc.edu/histo/large/atlas/image/b11/20a3.htm

21. Bone Architecture (cont)  Spongy bone… Image from http://cellbio.utmb.edu/microanatomy/bone/spongy_bone_histology.htm

22. Factors affecting bones…

23. The Spine  7 cervical  12 thoracic  5 lumbar Image fromhttp://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article1286.html

24.  Lordosis Concave anteriorly convex posteriorly  Kyphosis Convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly Image from http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article1277.html

25. Joints  Arthrology (arthros = joints; logos = study)  Types Fibrous joints Cartilaginous Synovial

26. Fibrous Joints Image from http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grade10/manphys/joints.htm

27. Cartilaginous Joints Image from http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grade10/manphys/joints.htm

28. Synovial Joints Image from http://moon.ouhsc.edu/dthompso/namics/joints.HTM#synovial

29. Synovial Joints (cont)…

30. Joint Lubrication  Boundary lubrication…  Squeeze film lubrication

31. Joint Movements  Limited by Tension of ligaments & muscles Tension of antagonist muscle Greatest means of increasing joint flexibility is to increase muscle length.

32. Types of cartilage  Hyaline…  Fibrocartilage…  Elastic cartilage…

33. Factors Affecting Cartilage…