1. Life in the Precambrian Prelude to Us

2. Life A Short Summary Slime Mold Tardigrade

3. What is Life? Composed of organic compounds Resistance to entropy (disorder) –Requires energy (must be able to gather and process (metabolize) energy) Ability to maintain a controlled environment –Requires ability to be isolated from environment Information storage Self replication –Including ability to pass on information Ability to adapt to its environment –Undergoes biological evolution

4. Life on Earth: Organic Compounds Human AlfalfaBacteria Oxygen(O)62.8%77.9%73.7% Carbon (C)19.4%11.3%12.1% Hydrogen (H)9.3%8.7%9.9% Nitrogen (N)5.1%0.8%3.0% Phosphorous (P)0.6%0.7%0.6% Sulfur (S)0.6%0.1%0.3% Carbon is found in all organic compounds Important Elements

5. Life on Earth: Organic Compounds Types of Organic Compounds 1. Lipids - (H,C (hydrocarbons))  Fats and Oils  cell membranes & energy storage 2. Carbohydrates - (C, H, O)  Sugars, Starches and Cellulose  energy storage & structure

6. Life on Earth: Organic Compounds Types of Organic Compounds 3.Amino Acids  Proteins - (C, H, O, N, S)  Enzymes - catalysts for chemical reactions  also Hair, silk, fingernails, etc. 4. Nucleic Acids - (C, H, O, N, P)  DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)  RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)  store & transfer genetic information

7. Organic Compounds Cells Organisms Not Alive Alive

8. Life on Earth: Controlled Environment Cell

9. Eukaryote Prokaryote

10. Prokaryote - E. coli Small (<5  m) No nucleus Unicellular

11. Eukaryote - Frog & Ameba Larger (> 10  m) Nucleus Organelles Cytoskeleton Uni- and multi-cellular

12. Life on Earth: Controlling Entropy Gathering Energy Photosynthesis Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight --> Sugar + Oxygen Chemosynthesis Hydrogen Sulfide + Carbon Dioxide + Water + Oxygen + Geothermal Heat --> Sugar + Sulfuric Acid

13. Chloroplasts

14. Life on Earth: Controlling Entropy Releasing Energy Respiration Sugar + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

15. Mitochondria

16. Life on Earth: Information Storage DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA - Ribonucleic Acid

17. Chromosomes

18. Human Chromosomes

19. Chromosome Numbers

20. Life on Earth: Information Storage DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA - Ribonucleic Acid

21. DNA RNA Protein Replication Transcription Translation

22. The Universal Genetic Code AUG - UGC - CAU - AAA - UGA Start - Cysteine - Histidine - Lysine - Stop

23. DNA Translation Instructions: How to make proteins from amino acids

24. Genetics Produce Variety

25. Life on Earth: Self Replication

26. Cloning (Mitosis)

28. Life on Earth: Self Replication Sexual Reproduction (Meiosis) Sperm & Egg Fertilization (Combination of genes from 2 parents) Complete Organism

29. Life (as we know it) Made of organic compounds Organized into cells (controlled environment) Cells interacts with environment to collect nutrients/energy and remove waste Has a mechanism (DNA) to store information Can replicate itself & pass on information Can evolve and adapt to changing environment

30. Causes of Diversity and Evolution of Life on Earth Charles Darwin Alfred Russell Wallace

31. Causes for Diversity of Life 1.All populations have the potential to increase in size 2.Many populations retain a constant size Many individuals die young 3. Individuals in a population differ in their abilities Some of these abilities affect survival 4.Best adapted individuals are most likely to survive and produce offspring (Natural Selection) “Abilities” are passed on to offspring (Genetics) 5.Over time the “abilities” of the population shift to include advantageous traits (Evolution)

32. Note: Natural Selection Affects Individuals Evolution Affects Populations

33. Net Result: Populations change with time to become better adapted to their environment (Evolution)

34. Example: Microbe Resistance Apply Antibiotic Survivor’s with Resistance Reproduce

35. How does it Work? Variation in the Gene Pool of a Population

36. How does it Work? Variation is a result of (1) Mutations and (2) Sex Errors occur in DNA Replication On average 1:10,000-100,000 genes per individual per generation Increased by exposure to radiation, etc. Most Mutations are bad or at least neutral What is “good” depends on environmental conditions

37. Evidence for Evolution

38. Evidence for Evolution: Fossils & Faunal Succession

39. Evidence for Evolution: Analogous Structures

40. Evidence for Evolution: Homologous Structures

42. Evidence for Evolution: Embryology

43. Evidence for Evolution: Biochemistry of Life

44. Evidence for Evolution: Gene Sequencing

45. Evidence for Evolution: Artificial Selection

47. Evidence for Evolution: Modern Examples

48. Some Interesting Effects of Evolution

49. Evolution & Psuedoextinction Species A Species B Through time Species A evolves into Species B In effect, Species A goes extinct

50. Extinction Species A Sometimes a species cannot adapt fast enough to environmental change or competition

51. Moa No moa, no moa, In old Ao-tea-roa. Can’t get ‘em. They’ve et ‘em. They’ve gone and there ain’t no moa!

52. Extinctions through time

53. Evolution & Speciation Species A Species B Species C Species A is separated into 2 isolated populations, each affected by different environmental conditions In effect, Species A goes Extinct

54. Speciation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers

55. Diversity Increases

56. Convergent Evolution

57. Coevolution: Plants and Pollinators

58. Coevolution: Predator/Prey

59. Life (as we know it) Made of organic compounds Organized into cells (controlled environment) Cells interacts with environment to collect nutrients/energy and remove waste Has a mechanism (DNA) to store information Can replicate itself & pass on information Can evolve and adapt to changing environment

60. Origins? Where did organic compounds come from? How did they form? How did cells form? What formed the first membrane? How did the machinery of cells (ability to perform respiration and photosynthesis) come about? Where did DNA come from? Was it the first form of information storage? How were the first cells able to replicate? How did they adapt to changing environment?

61. Major Steps in the Precambrian Evolution of Life 1.Origin of Life (3.8-3.5 Gyrs) 2.Photosynthesis (3.5 Gyrs) 3.Aerobic (Oxygen-based) Respiration (3-2 Gyrs) 4.Eukaryotes / Endosymbiosis (2.1-1.5 Gyrs) 5.Sex / Death (1 Gyrs) 6.Multicellular Life (800 Myrs) 7.Skeletons & Shells (600 Myrs) * All dates are approximate

62. Evolvovision Evolvovision (Ray Troll)