1. Life A Short Summary Slime Mold Tardigrade

2. What is Life? Composed of organic compounds Resistance to entropy (disorder) –Requires energy (must be able to gather and process (metabolize) energy) Ability to maintain a controlled environment –Requires ability to be isolated from environment Information storage Self replication –Including ability to pass on information Ability to adapt to its environment –Undergoes biological evolution

3. Life on Earth: Organic Compounds Human AlfalfaBacteria Oxygen(O)62.8%77.9%73.7% Carbon (C)19.4%11.3%12.1% Hydrogen (H)9.3%8.7%9.9% Nitrogen (N)5.1%0.8%3.0% Phosphorous (P)0.6%0.7%0.6% Sulfur (S)0.6%0.1%0.3% Carbon is found in all organic compounds Important Elements

4. Why Carbon? Small and Abundant 4th most abundant element in the Solar System Bonds with a lot of different atoms Forms lots of different organic compounds Forms long chains (polymers) Forms very strong bonds Hard to destroy (Stable) Bonds “store” a lot of energy Forms compounds that are water soluble

5. Life on Earth: Organic Compounds Types of Organic Compounds 1. Lipids - (H,C (hydrocarbons))  Fats and Oils  cell membranes & energy storage 2. Carbohydrates - (C, H, O)  Sugars, Starches and Cellulose  energy storage & structure

6. Life on Earth: Organic Compounds Types of Organic Compounds 3.Amino Acids  Proteins - (C, H, O, N, S)  Enzymes - catalysts for chemical reactions  also Hair, silk, fingernails, etc. 4. Nucleic Acids - (C, H, O, N, P)  DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)  RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)  store & transfer genetic information

7. Organic Compounds Cells Organisms Not Alive Alive

8. Life on Earth: Controlled Environment Cell

9. Eukaryote Prokaryote

10. Prokaryote - E. coli Small (<5  m) No nucleus Unicellular

11. Eukaryote - Frog & Ameba Larger (> 10  m) Nucleus Organelles Cytoskeleton Uni- and multi-cellular

12. Life on Earth: Controlling Entropy Gathering Energy Photosynthesis Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight --> Sugar + Oxygen Chemosynthesis Hydrogen Sulfide + Carbon Dioxide + Water + Oxygen + Geothermal Heat --> Sugar + Sulfuric Acid

13. Chloroplasts

14. Life on Earth: Controlling Entropy Releasing Energy Respiration Sugar + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

15. Mitochondria

16. Life on Earth: Information Storage DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA - Ribonucleic Acid

17. Chromosomes

18. Human Chromosomes

19. Chromosome Numbers

20. Life on Earth: Information Storage DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA - Ribonucleic Acid

21. DNA RNA Protein Replication Transcription Translation

22. The Universal Genetic Code AUG - UGC - CAU - AAA - UGA Start - Cysteine - Histidine - Lysine - Stop

23. DNA Translation Instructions: How to make proteins from amino acids

24. Genetics Produce Variety

25. Life on Earth: Self Replication

26. Cloning (Mitosis)

28. Life on Earth: Self Replication Sexual Reproduction (Meiosis) Sperm & Egg Fertilization (Combination of genes from 2 parents) Complete Organism

29. What is Life? (Reminder) Composed of organic compounds Resistance to entropy (disorder) –Requires energy (must be able to gather and process (metabolize) energy) Ability to maintain a controlled environment –Requires ability to be isolated from environment Information storage Self replication –Including ability to pass on information Ability to adapt to its environment –Undergoes biological evolution

30. How is Life Organized: Taxonomy (Linnaeus) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Subspecies Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Homididae Homo sapiens Animalia Chordata Osteichthyes Salmoniformes Salmonidae Onchorhynchus tshawytscha Plantae Pinophyta Pinopsida Pinales Cupressaceae Sequoia sempervirens HumanKing SalmonCoast Redwood

31. Kingdoms of Life Single Celled - prokaryotes and eukaryotes Archaea (“extremophiles”) Bacteria (“germs” & blue-green algae) Protista (one-celled eukaryotes) Metazoans - multicellular, eukaryotes Fungi Plantae Animalia

32. Extremophiles (Archea) Thermophiles Halophiles Methanogens Cryophiles

33. Bacteria

34. Protista

35. Fungi

36. Plantae

37. Animalia Important Phyla Porifera (Sponges) Cnideria (Corals, Jellyfish) Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) Arthropoda (Crabs, Insects, Spiders) Annelida (Segmented Worms) Mollusca (Clams, Snails, Cephalopods) Echonodermata (Starfish, Sea Urchins) Chordata (Fish, Birds, Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals)

38. Porifera & Cnideria

39. Flatworms & Arthropoda

40. Annelida & Mollusca

41. Echondermata & Chordata