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Study of Biology
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What is Biology?
Biology is the study of all living things
Living things are called organisms
Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & animals
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3. All Living Things Share Common Characteristics
Basic Unit is the CELL
They REPRODUCE. All Based On Universal Genetic Code (DNA)
They need food for ENERGY
RESPOND to their environment
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4. Common Characteristics and Unifying themes within systems
Grow and Develop
Maintain A Stable Internal Environment or HOMEOSTASIS
AS A GROUP, Living Things EVOLVE, That Is They Change Over Time
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5. Characteristics of Organisms
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6. 1. All Organisms are made of Cells
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Facts About Cells
Cells are the smallest living unit of an organism
All cells contain living material called cytoplasm
All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane that controls what enters & leaves the cell
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More Cell Facts
Cells are complex & highly organized
Cells have parts called organelles that do different jobs
e.g. Chloroplasts in plants make sugars
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More Cell Facts
The simplest cells are called Prokaryotes
These cells DO NOT have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Bacteria are examples
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More Cell Facts
More complex cells are called Eukaryotes
These cells DO have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Plants, animals, protists, & fungi are examples
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11. Organisms are Grouped by their Number of Cells
Unicellular Organisms
Living Organism Made Up Of One Cell
Multicellular Organisms
Living Organism Made Up Of Many, Specialized Cells
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12. 2. Organisms Reproduce to Pass on their Genetic Traits
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13. Two Types of Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Involves 2 parents
Egg fertilized by sperm to make a ZYGOTE
Offspring DIFFERENT from parents
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14. Two Types of Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Involves a single organism or cell
Cell divides
Offspring IDENTICAL to parent
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15. Cells Have a Genetic Code
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Genetic Code
DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) carries the genetic code for all organisms
All organisms contain DNA
DNA codes for the proteins that make up cells & do all the work
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17. 3. Cells Require Food & Energy
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Food Requirements
Autotrophs can make their own food
Photoautotrophs use sunlight to make food (photosynthesis)
Chemoautotrophs use chemicals such as iron & sulfur as their energy
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Food Requirements
Heterotrophs can NOT make their own food
They must consume other organisms
Herbivores eat plants
Carnivores eat meat
Omnivores eat plants & animals
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Metabolism
Sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism
All require energy
Sunlight is the ultimate energy for life on Earth
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Metabolism
Cellular Respiration
Cells releasing the chemical energy stored in foods
6O2 + C6H12O CO2 + 6H2O
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22. 4. Organisms Respond to Stimuli (respond to their environment)
Organisms Respond to stimuli (Temperature, Water, Food Supplies, etc.) In Order To Survive & Reproduce
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23. 5. Organisms Grow & Develop
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Growth & Development
Organisms grow by producing MORE CELLS & by cell ENLARGEMENT
Organisms develop as they mature into an adult organism
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5. Homeostasis
Keeping The Internal Environment (Homeostasis) Of The Cell or Organism Within The Ranges Required For Life
Stable internal conditions of pH, temperature, water balance, etc.
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7. Living Things Evolve
Groups Of Organisms (Not Individuals) Change Over Time In Order To Survive Within Changing Environments.
Fossil records show changes in groups of organisms
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27. Life is Organized on Several Levels
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Levels
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells – life starts here
Tissues
Organs
System
Organism
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Levels
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
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