2. EVOLUTION

3. The first living organisms were simple, single celled organisms.
Through time more complex simple- celled creatures were created
Billions of years increasingly complex, multicellular organisms began to appear
The idea that explains how this change in species has occurred over time is evolution
What is evolution?

4. The Evolution Man
Charles Darwin was a person who first suggested the theory of evolution
Theory- a concept that has been tested and confirmed in many different ways and can be used by scientists to make predictions about the natural world

5. Charles Darwin Born February 12, 1809 Died April 19, 1882
English naturalist
Collector and geologist
Proposed and provided scientific evidecne that all specias of life has evolved for time from common ancestors through the process called natural selection
Natural selection- evolution was contolled by nature rather than people

6. The Occurrence of Evolution
Darwin believed:
The mechanism of evolution was like the process of artificial selection practiced by breeders of plants and animals
Believed in natural selection
In natural selection individuals that survive are able to breed and pass their genetic information to the next generation
Those who are not successful in their habitat will usually die without leaving any offspring

7. Outlook of Evolution
In an environment,the individual born with a characteristic that gives it an advantage and adapts to its environment will most likely survive.
If they do survive the favorable characteristics will be passed on to many of the offspring
The characteristics that reduce an individual’s chance of surviving will decrease over time
If an individual does not have favorable characteristics it will eventually die off

8. Factors of Evolution Over Production
In each generation a species has the potential to produce more offspring than can possibly survive
If too many of the offspring survive, they would overrun the Earth, although this does not happen
In a stable environment the population stays the same fron one year to the next
This happens because not all the individuals can survive
Struggle For Survival
Overproduction= competition
The offspring have to cope with environmental conditions or it will die out
They also need resources such as oxygen, food and shelter but they are very limited.
Individuals best suited to the environment will survive and those not well suited to the environment will die off

9. Selection by Environment
Factors Of Evolution
Variation
The new traits that can lead to evolution come from normal variations within species.
Organisms within species are never exactly alike
Individuals have different variations, some better suitable to survive than others
This difference is due to genetic variation
The unique combination of traits each organism inherits from its parents
Selection by Environment
Traits with adaptive value in a specific environment give individuals in that environment a competitive advantage.
If the beneficial trait is past on to the offspring, they will also be more likely to survive and reproduce
The proportion of individuals with the good characteristics will increase because they are better able to compete with individuals without beneficial trait.
Later on nearly all of these individuals in the population will have the trait
This change in characteristics present in population over time is evolution

10. Interactions with Evolution
There are many factors in evolution
Overpopulation= the potential for species to in crease its numbers
The limited supply of resources needed for life
The genetic variation of offspring
The selection by the environment of those offspring better able to survive and reproduce
Competition

11. Variations in Evolution
The arrangement of an individuals DNA bases determines all the inherited characteristics of that individual
In sexual reproducing, only changes in the genes of sex cells can be passed on to the next generation and become basis for evolutionary change
Mutation and genetic shuffling is a genetic variation

12. MUTATION Mutation is a change in the base sequence of a DNA molecule
Mutations occur at random and can’t be predicted
Mutations occur by errors of DNA as cells function but radiation and some chemicals can cause mutations
When a mutation happens they affect only that individual ; although mutations in a single celled organism or in the sex cells of a multicellular organism can be passed on the the offspring
Usually mutations are harmful and may affect the offspring so severely that it can not survive although some mutations are beneficial

13. Genetic Shuffling
Genetic Shuffling- the sorting and random recombining of genes during meiosis and fertilization results in new and different combinations of genes
The genes can be passed on to individual offspring
This process is similar to shuffling a deck of cards = the deck stays the same but the order is somewhat different
At fertilization even more variety is introduced because now cards from two decks are combined
Although mutations provide new genetic instructions, genetic shuffling is the main source of the variation that exist among the members of any sexually reproducing species

14. Why is variation important?
The variation of an organism within a species increase the likelihood that at least some members of the species will survive in a changed environment.

15. Extinction Extinction
Extinction is the disappearance of an entire species
When the death rate of individuals within a species is greater than the birth rate, extinction is a possibility
Usually extinction happens when the environment changes. When an individual can not adapt to the environment changes they will die out
Fossil records show that throughout geologic time, millions of species have evolved survived for a while than died off finally becoming extinct.
Extinction

16. THE END