1. Naziism & Holocaust Eichmann in Jerusalem Obedience to Authority Stanford Prison Experiment Sanctioned Massacres

2. Anti-Semitism Christian: Jews as killers of God agents of Satan / killers of babies money-lenders Nazi: communist conspiracy conspiracy of financiers biological race theory:parasites bacteria vermin

3. Psychology’s Response to Fascism Obedience -- Milgram & others Authoritarianism -- Adorno et al & others

4. Nazi-ism: Leader Principle & Prejudice Authoritarian Personality (T. Adorno et al) Obedience to Authority (S. Milgram) ? ? Eichmann

5. Eichmann in Jerusalem Anti-Semitic? Authoritarian? Personality change? Conscience? “Banality of Evil”?

6. Einsatzgruppen “Mobile Killing Units”

10. My Lai

11. MY LAI MASSACRE: MARCH 16, 1968

12. Lt. Calley “I was ordered by Capt. Medina to kill everybody.” Sentenced to life in prison (released in 1974)

13. Einsatzgruppen “Mobile Killing Units”

17. My Lai

18. MY LAI MASSACRE: MARCH 16, 1968

19. Lt. Calley “I was ordered by Capt. Medina to kill everybody.” Sentenced to life in prison (released in 1974)

20. Milgram Obedience Experiment Subject:plays “teacher” role Confederate:plays “learner” role Confederate:plays “experimenter” role

21. Milgram Obedience Experiment Series of experiments: Indep. variables: proximity of authority salience of victim group admin of shock Dep. Variable:shock level

22. Results from main variations

24. Factors increasing obedience: Authority of experimenter Proximity of experimenter Distance form victim Absence of dissenters Presence of other compliers Reduced role in giving shock Authority of institution

25. Stanford Prison Experiment Phil Zimbardo

26. Abu Gharaib

29. Zimbardo Prison Experiment Random assignment of prisoners & guards 5 released – “extreme emotional depression, crying, rage and acute anxiety” Ended after 6 days

30. Zimbardo Prison Experiment Guards found “sense of power was exhilarating” Prisoner responses: –Disbelief, confusion, disorientation –Rebellion –Isolation, self-interest, deprecation –Half became “sick”

31. Zimbardo: Prisoner Responses Loss of personal identity –“Deindividuation” Learned helplessness Emasculation  Power of role

32. Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment Impact of role(s) within authority system: –Undermining of old identity –Building of new identity

33. Sanctioned Massacres Crimes of Obedience Herb Kelman V. Lee Hamilton

34. Sanctioned Massacres Kelman & Hamilton Authorization Routinization De-individuation of actor De-humanization of victims

35. Sanctioned Massacres Authorization: authority situation –relieves individual of moral responsibility –calls into play morality of loyalty & duty Routinization: role in organization –task becomes a job –violence broken into tasks –language of euphamisms

36. Sanctioned Massacres De-individuation of the actor –individual takes on identity of organization –de-emphasize personal characteristics De-humanization of the victims –victims given group identity –victims portrayed as non-human –Deprived of membership in common human group

37. Sanctioned Massacres Killers & torturers can be made Tearing-down & re-construction of identity –separation –“liminal” phase of instruction, rehearsal & testing –return in new status

38. Hugh Thompson 1 9 9 8 1 9 6 9