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Social Psychology.

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Presentation on theme: "Social Psychology."— Presentation transcript:

1 Social Psychology

2 Social Thinking the situation or… the person’s disposition
Attribution Theory tendency to give a causal explanation for someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or… the person’s disposition

3 Social Thinking Fundamental Attribution Error when explaining another’s behavior, we tend to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

4 Social Thinking How we explain someone’s behavior affects how we react to it Situational attribution “Maybe that driver is ill.” Tolerant reaction (proceed cautiously, allow driver a wide berth) Negative behavior Dispositional attribution “Crazy driver!” Unfavorable reaction (Speed up and race past the other driver, craning to give them a dirty look)

5 Attribution Interestingly, people do more the opposite when attributing successes or failures to themselves (we blame the situation more than ourselves).

6 Social Influence Normative Social Influence
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval Leads to……Conformity adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

7 Social Influence - concepts
Informational Social Influence influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality …Leads To Norms an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior prescribes “proper” behavior

8 Asch Conformity Experiment
Social Influence Asch Conformity Experiment click above for a clip! Comparison lines Standard lines 1 2 3

9 Social Influence Percentage of conformity to confederates’ wrong answers 50 40 30 20 10 Low High Importance Slide 1 Slide 2 Difficult judgments Easy judgments Participants judged which person in Slide 2 was the same as the person in Slide 1

10 65% of Milgram’s “teachers” did!
Obedience Stanley Milgram: People conform, but will they simply obey others? 65% of Milgram’s “teachers” did!

11 A “Shocking Experiment”
Over 400 volts!!

12

13 Social Influence Milgram’s experiment That’s Almost 70%! Percentage
XXX ( ) Percentage of subjects who obeyed experimenter 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Slight (15-60) Moderate (75-120) Strong ( ) Very strong ( ) Intense ( ) Extreme intensity ( ) Danger severe ( ) Shock levels in volts The majority of subjects continued to obey to the end

14 Obedience is higher when…
Person giving the orders is perceived as a legit Authority figure. (prof., cop, etc) “orderer” supported by a prestigious institute (Yale, Government, etc) Victim is “depersonalized” or distant (no name, in another room, etc) No role models for defiance

15 Stanford Prison Experiment
Philip Zimbardo – Will students take on the role of prison guard and prisoner?

16 Guards began abusing the prisoners
Experiment was ended after only 6 days!

17 Social Influence:somebody’s watching me…
Social Impairment People tend to perform WORSE on difficult or new tasks in the presence of others Social Facilitation People tend to perform simple/well-learned tasks BETTER in the presence of others

18 Social Influence:somebody’s helping me…
Social Loafing People in groups exert less effort when working toward a common goal than when working individually

19 Deindividuation The loss of self awareness and self restrain
Occurring in group situations

20 presumed available to help
Social Relations Percentage attempting to help 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Number of others presumed available to help Bystander Effect tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

21 Kitty Genovese Case Repeatedly stabbed while 38 people watched from their apartments and did nothing!

22 Social Relations – why prejudice & social bias?
In-group Bias tendency to favor one’s own group and dislike or blame things on another “out-group”

23 Scapegoat Theory Taking responsibility often causes people too much “dissonance” Better to blame others (maybe even an “out-group”) prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

24 Just-World Phenomenon
tendency of people to believe the world is “just” people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

25 Social Relations- What attracts us to others?
Proximity mere exposure effect- repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them Physical Attractiveness youthfulness may be associated with health and fertility Similarity friends share common attitudes, beliefs, interests

26 Attractiveness Worldwide, men prefer youth and health, women prefer resources and social status

27 Social Relations Passionate Love Companionate Love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another usually present at the beginning of a love relationship Companionate Love deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

28 The key to lasting and satisfying relationships
Equity a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it Self-disclosure revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others Altruism unselfish regard for the welfare of others


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