1. Late Middle Ages 1000 – 1500 CE World History I Heritage High School
Mr. Swartz

2. Essential Questions:
What events helped nation-states develop in England, France, Spain, and Russia?
What were key events and effects of the Crusades?
How did the Black Death (Bubonic Plague) alter Europe economically and socially?

3. What were the key events and effects of the Crusades?
Essential Question:
What were the key events and effects of the Crusades?

4. The Crusades
The Crusades were carried out by political and religious leaders of Europe to take control of the Holy Land from the Muslims
The Byzantine emperor asked the pope to assist in defending themselves against the Islamic Empire.
The Muslim Turks (aka the Ottoman Turks) were trying to conquer Constantinople and large parts of the Byzantine Empire.

5. Pope Urban II
Pope Urban II responded by calling for a “holy war” or crusade to push back the Muslims and “reclaim” the Holy Land
The Holy Land was parts of Middle East including Israel, Syria, and particularly the city of Jerusalem
In his speech calling for the crusade, he said that those who fought and died in the Crusades that all of their sins would be forgiven and they would be guaranteed a spot in heaven
thousands of people responded to the call

6. The Crusaders
There were also economic, societal, and religious motives for the Crusades:
Kings and the Church: a way to get rid of knights who needed a purpose so they would stop fighting each other and threatening the peace in the kingdoms
Younger Sons: a way to gain prestige, status, and maybe even some wealth in society since in medieval times since the oldest son inherited everything
Knights and Commoners - they were fired up by their religious zeal (passion)

7. Video Clip The Dark Ages Part 10 - The Crusades
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8. The First and Second Crusades
Began in 1096
No strategy and mostly unprepared troops
Successful in retaking Jerusalem on July 15, 1099
Most of the warriors went home afterwards
Left city vulnerable to recapture which happened in the Second Crusade (1147)
1187: Jerusalem falls to Muslims under Saladin

9. The Third Crusade Saladin (1138 – 1193)
Began in 1189
Produced two highly respected military leaders
Saladin (1138 – 1193)
Richard the Lionheart (1157 – 1199) from England
After series of battles, the two agreed to a truce
Jerusalem remained in Muslim control
Christian pilgrims would have safe passage

10. The Fourth Crusade Began in 1204
Greedy Christian warriors entered Constantinople
Looted the city
Set fire to most of the city
Another cause of the Great Schism between the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church

11. The Other Crusades
There were about nine crusades between and 1272
The later ones were not blessed by the pope
Most of the Crusades ended in Muslim victory especially the later ones
Children’s Crusade
stories about groups of children or the “wandering poor” that wanted to go to Jerusalem
many died along the way or were sold into slavery

12. Effects of the Crusades
Weakened the Pope and nobles
Strengthened monarchs
Left a legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, and Muslims
Weakened the Byzantine Empire
Increased demand for Middle Eastern products
Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets
Encouraged use of credit and banking
Brought Greco-Roman studies and Muslim innovations back to Europe which helped revive learning and creativity

13. The Crusades

14. Name 2 effects of the Crusades.
Review Question:
Name 2 effects of the Crusades.

15. The Emergence of Nation-States
A nation-state is a large group of people who
Are ruled by one central government
Share a common language
Feel a sense of loyalty to the group
The rise of nation-states is one of the most important developments in Europe in the late Middle Ages
Result of European monarchs consolidating (or merging) power
Marked end of feudalism and the decline of the political power of the Church

16. Nation-States (con’t.)
Before the rise of nation-states, most people more concerned with local rulers than who was king
Might not have even shared same language as the king
People went to war for local lords
Thought of themselves as Christians, united by the Christian Church
By the year 1430, this attitude had completely changed

17. Key Events:
England

18. William the Conqueror William – Duke of Normandy
1066 – crossed English Channel to add the rich Anglo-Saxon lands to his personal property
October 14, 1066 – fought the Saxons under Harold Godwinson and won after Harold was killed
United most of England and most of present- day France under his control

19. Video Clip William the Conqueror - Justin Timberlake’s “Sexyback”
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20. Development of Common Law
Under King Henry II (ruled 1154 – 1189), helped elevate the importance of common law
Strengthened royal courts of justice by sending royal judges to every part of England at least once a year
Collected taxes, settled lawsuits, punished crimes
Introduced use of a jury in the courts
Over time, the rulings by the royal judges formed a unified body of law
Became basis for law in England and the United States
In the US, this led to “judicial power” or the power of the bench to legislate as laid out in Article III of the Constitution

21. Magna Carta
King John was a bad king who was mean to his subjects and tried to squeeze money out of them to finance his wars
The nobles forced him to sign the Magna Carta on June 15, 1215
Main goal – limit the king’s power and protect rights
The Magna Carta guaranteed certain basic political rights
No taxation without representation
Right to a jury trial
Right to protection of the law

22. Parliament
In 1295, King Edward I needed funds for war against the French
Summoned two citizens of wealth and two knights from every part of England to serve as a parliament, or legislative body
Brought together by the kings whenever a new tax or funds were needed
Eventually became more and more powerful
Developed into two assemblies
House of Commons
House of Lords

23. Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453) Fought between England and France
Started over claim to French throne
Important battles:
Battle of Crecy (Aug.26, 1346): English archers defeated French knights
Battle of Poitiers (1356): English victory
Battle of Agincourt (1415): English victory
These battles end the usefulness of knights

24. Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431) Convinced God sent her to rescue France
Led French victory at Battle of Orleans
Helped make Charles VII king of France
Captured in 1430 and turned over to the Church
Condemned as a witch and a heretic
Burned at the stake on May 30, 1431

25. Impact of the Hundred Years’ War
Ends with French driving out the English
Weakened the economies of both countries
Gave birth to nationalism
People now thought of kings as a national leader
Now fought for the glory of the country, not a local feudal ruler
Strengthened the English Parliament
Strengthened the French monarchy

26. France Hugh Capet – king of France Established French throne in Paris
His dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France
Hundred Years’ War helped define France as nation
Joan of Arc was a unifying factor

27. Spain In 710, the Moors had conquered Spain
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella married and ruled jointly under a Christian monarchy
Reconquista – removed Muslims and Jews from Spain
The Spanish Inquisition: program to make sure Jews that stayed had converted to Christianity
those who were caught practicing Jewish traditions were burned at the stake
Phillip II – expanded the Spanish Empire into the Western Hemisphere

28. Video Clip History of the World Part I - The Spanish Inquisition
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29. Russia Mongols conquered Russia in the early 1200s
Gave local control to princes who paid tribute
Ivan the Great refused to pay the tribute
Threw off the rule of the Mongols
Centralized power in Moscow
Expanded territory as more Russians came under control of single Russian government
Became the first czar (Russian for caesar)
Power became centralized in the hands of the czar
The Orthodox Church influenced unification of Russia

30. Review Question:
What was an event that helped establish England and France as nation-states?

31. Impact of the Black Death
During the 14th Century – the Black Death (Bubonic Plague) decimated the populations of Asia and Europe
Spread by fleas on black rats
Caused drastic decline in population
Killed at least 1/3 of Europe’s population
Led to scarcity of labor
Freed towns from feudal obligations
Disruption of trade
Decline in power and influence of the Roman Catholic Church

32. End of the Middle Ages
The Mongols invaded Russia, China, and Muslim states in Southwest Asia
Destroyed cities and countryside
Created an empire (The Ottoman Empire)
Revival of learning ushered in the Renaissance
Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453
Ended the Byzantine Empire
Became the capital of the Ottoman Empire
Renamed Istanbul