1. HYDRAULICS

2. OBJECTIVES CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER TYPES OF PRESSURES WFRD PUMPERS
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PUMPS
DIFFERENT TYPES OF RELIEF VALVES
DRAFTING
FOAM
WFRD HYDRAULIC SOG
HYDRAULIC CALUCATION PROBLEMS

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER
Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen. (2 parts Hydrogen 1 part oxygen)
One gallon of water weighs 8.35 pounds
Cubic foot of water weighs 62.5 pounds

4. ADVANTAGES OF WATER
Greater heat absorption than other common extinguishing agents.
A relatively large amount of heat is required to change extinguishing agents.
Greater the surface area of water exposed, the more rapidly heat is absorbed.

5. ADVANTAGES OF WATER
Water converted into steam occupies 1,700 times its original volume.
Water is plentiful and readily available.

6. DISADVANTAGES OF WATER
Water has a high surface tension and does not readily soak into dense material.
Water may be reactive with certain fuels, such as combustible metals.
Water freezes at 32o F.
Water readily conducts electricity.

7. HEAD PRESSURE
Head pressure refers to the height of water supply above the discharge orifice.
If the water supply is 100 feet above the discharge opening, this is referred to as 100 feet of head. To convert feet of head to head pressure, multiply by .434 per foot. =
(Head Pressure is 43.4PSI)

8. STATIC PRESSURE
Static Pressure exists when no water is moving (potential energy).
Static pressure normally is never found in a municipal system, because water is flowing somewhere in the system.
The pressure found in a hydrant prior to the hydrant flowing is considered to be static pressure.

9. Normal Operation Pressure
The pressure found on a water distribution system during normal consumption demands.

10. RESIDUAL PRESSURE
Residual pressure is that part of the total available pressure not used to overcome friction loss or gravity while forcing water through pipe, fittings, fire hose and adapters
WATER LEFT OVER

11. FLOW PRESSURE
Flow Pressure is the forward velocity pressure at a discharge opening where water is flowing.
GPM can be calculated from the flow pressure if the size of the opening is known.
Flow pressure can be measured with a pitot gauge.

12. FRICTION LOSS
Friction loss : the loss of pressure created by the turbulence of water moving against the interior walls of hose or pipe.

13. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS 3 Types
Gravity System: Water source is located at a higher elevation than the distribution system.
Direct Pumping System: Water is mechanically pumped.
Combination System: Water is pumped to elevated storage tanks and gravity provides distribution pressure.

14. FREINDSHIP FIRE & RESCUE
RESCUE ENGINE
2002 Spartan/Marion
1500 gal pump
Single Stage Pump
500 Gal Booster Tank
40 Gal Foam Tank
WAGON
1997 Seagrave
1500 gal Pump
Single Stage Pump
750 Gal Booster Tank

15. SOUTH END FIRE & RESCUE WAGON 5 1987 Seagrave 1500 GPM Pump
Two Stage Pump
500 Gal Tank
ENGINE 5
2002 Pierce Dash
1500 GPM Pump
Two Stage Pump
750 Gal Tank
40 Gal Foam Tank

16. SHAWNEE FIRE & RESCUE WAGON 4 1996 Seagrave 1500 GPM Pump
Two Stage Pump
Tank 500 gal
ENGINE 4
2006 Pierce Lance
1500 GPM Pump
Two Stage Pump
500 Gal Tank
40 Gal Foam Tank

17. CLASS A PUMPER
A NFPA rating test for pumpers that indicates the pumper can pump
100% rated 150 PSI
70% 200PSI
50% 250 PSI

18. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Nearly all fire apparatus today utilize the centrifugal pump.
Centrifugal pumps are classified as a nonpositive displacement pump because it does not pump a definite amount of water with each revolution.

19. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Centrifugal force pushes water from the center to the outer edge of the pump.
Water is thrown further as rotation speed increases.

20. CENTRIFUGAL FIRE PUMPS
Single Stage Pump: A pump with one shaft and one impeller
Two Stage Pump: A pump with one shaft and two impellers in separate chambers.

21. Positive Displacement Pumps
Positive Displacement Pump: Mainly used as primer pumps to displace air from Centrifugal pumps. Positive displacement pumps are either piston, rotary gear or rotary vane pumps.

22. Transfer Valve
Parallel Position or Volume: Each of the impellers takes water from the source and delivers it to the discharge. Each impeller flows 50% of the total flow.
Pressure Position or Series: All the water from the intake manifold is directed into the eye of the first impeller and then into the eye of the second impeller.

24. Transfer Valve
Transfer valve needs to be in the Parallel or Volume position when it is necessary to supply more than one half the rated capacity of the pump.
In most cases the transfer valve should not be operated with a discharge pressure exceeding 75 PSI.

25. Transfer Valve
If there is any question as to the proper operation of the transfer valve, it is better to be in parallel or volume than in series or pressure.
To raise your RPM place the transfer valve in Parallel or volume.

26. Pressure Control Devices
Purpose of a pressure control device is to protect the Firefighter’s hand line against undue pressure rise. It helps prevent a burst line and mechanical damage to the pump from a water hammer.
There are two types of pressure control devices: Relief Valve and Engine Governor.

27. Pressure Governor
Pressure governor controls the pressure of the pump by varying the speed of the engine rather than controlling the flow of water.
Pressure control devices should be used when more than one discharge line is being used and during relay operations.

28. RELIEF VALVE
Relief valve is installed in a line which connects from the suction side of the pump to the discharge side. When pressure on the discharge side of the pump exceeds the preset value pressure, the relief valve opens and permits the water to flow directly from the discharge manifold back into the intake manifold.

29. Relief Valve
When setting the relief valve, the pressure on the pump should be adjusted with all the desired lines open and flowing the full amount of water. The relief valve controls the pressure of the pump by changing the amount of water flowing through the pump.

30. RELIEF VALVE

31. PUMP GAUGES MASTER INTAKE
The master intake gauge ( Vacuum or Compound gauge) is capable of measuring either positive or negative pressure.
This gauge is calibrated from 0 to 600 PSI positive pressure and from 0 to 30 inches of vacuum on the negative side.

32. PUMP GAUGES Discharge Gauge
The pump discharge pressure gauge registers the pressure as it leaves the pump, but before it reaches the gauges for each individual discharge line.
It must be calibrated to measure 600 PSI, unless the pumper is equipped to supply high pressure fog streams, in which case the gauge may be calibrated up to 1000 PSI

33. Pump Drains
Most connections to the pump are equipped with drain valve on the line side of the control valve. On the discharge fitting, these drain provide a way for the driver operator to relieve the pressure from the hose line after the discharge valve and nozzle have both been closed.

34. SAFETY REMINDER

35. DRAFTING
To draft you need to create a pressure differential which allows atmospheric pressure acting on the surface of the water to force water into the fire pump.
When enough air has been evacuated to reduce the atmospheric pressure inside the fire pump and intake hose a negative vacuum is created causing the water to rise into the intake hose and pump.

36. DRAFTING
The most important factor in choosing a draft site is the amount of water available at that site.
Always use a strainer when drafting
There should be minimum of 24” of water over the strainer and around the strainer
In most circumstance, the maximum lift is no more than 25 feet.
Maximum theoretical lift 33.8 feet

37. DRAFTING
Lift is the distance between the fire pump and source of the water. ( from center of the pump to the top of the water)
AS the lift or length of intake hose increases, the capacity of the pump decreases.

38. DRAFTING
If operating a two stage pump, the transfer valve should be in the volume or parallel position during priming.
Most priming pumps are intended to work best when engine RPM are set between 1000 and 1200
Priming time is typically 10 to 15 seconds, but should not prime more than 30 seconds for pumps of 1000 GPM and no more than 45 seconds for pumps over 1250 GPM

39. DRAFTING
After the pump has been successfully primed, increase the throttle before attempting to open any discharges.
Open discharge valve slowly while watching the discharge pressure.
If the discharge pressure continues to drop, momentarily operating the primer may eliminate the air still trapped in the pump.

40. DRAFTING
A gradual increase in the vacuum reading may be noted with no change in the flow rate. This is an indication that a blockage is developing

41. STRAINERS

42. LOW LIFT STRAINER

43. DRY HYDRANT

44. Priming problems Air leaks Loose hard sleeve/flex sleeve connection
Loose discharge caps
Open drains or open bleeders valves
Worn gaskets

45. Priming Problems Clogged Strainers No oil in Primer Reservoir
Primer not activated in required time
End of suction hose not submerged
High Suction Lift (20’)
High point in suction line
Improper Engine Speed

46. Cavitations
Is when water is being discharged from the pump faster than it is coming into the pump.
Indications that a pump is cavitating
The hose stream will fluctuate
Pressure gauge will fluctuate
The pump will be noisy, sounding like gravel is passing through the pump

47. FOAM
Most foam concentrates are intended to be mixed with 94% to 99% water. ( when using 3% foam concentration, 97 parts water mixed with 3 parts foam concentrate equals 100 parts foam solution)

48. HYDROCARBON FUELS
Hydrocarbon fuels are petroleum based and have a specific gravity that is less than one, therefore they float on Water.
Hydrocarbon fuels are immiscible, that is they will not mix with water.

49. POLAR SOLVENT FUELS
Polar Solvents are flammable/combustible liquids that have an attraction for water.
Polar Solvents are miscible, that is they dissolve in water.
Polar Solvents are alcohol, acetone, ketones, ethers, and acid.

50. FOAM INDUCTION
Induction: Uses the pressure energy in the stream of water to induct foam concentration into the stream.
This is companioned by using a In-Line educator. The In-Line educator has a hose that goes down into the foam and when the water passes through the orifice of the hose it creates a suction that draws the foam out of the pail.

51. WFRD APPARATUS FOAM TANKS
Rescue Engine 1 and Engine 5 use Universal Gold AFFF 1%/3%
Hydrocarbon and Polar Solvent fire in depth use 3%
Hydrocarbon spill fire use 1%
Engine 4 uses Class A foam only

52. WFRD FOAM Light Water AFFF Foam
Hydrocarbon Fuels 3% concentrate 97% water’
Polar Fuel 6% concentrate 94% water.
WFRD foam is stored at the Sludge building in 5 gal pails and 55 gal drums.

55. SOG-06-06 Standardized Hydraulic Practices
Factors That Influence Friction Loss
Diameter of the hose
Length of the hose line
Quantity of GPM of water flow
Type of nozzle
Elevation
Appliances used ( Wyes and Siamese )
Master Stream devices

56. Standardized Hydraulic Practices
Other Less Significant Factors
Snaked hose lines
Protruding gaskets
Poor inner lining of hose

57. Standardized Hydraulic Practices FORMULA FOR FRICTION LOSS
FL=CQ2L
FL : Friction loss in the entire hose line.
C : Coefficient determined by the size of the
hose.
Q : GPM flow divided by 100
L : Length of hose divided by 100

58. Standardized Hydraulic Practices Coefficient of Friction
Size of Hose Coefficient
3/4 “ Booster Line
1” Booster Line
1 ½ “ Hose
1 ¾ Hose
2 ½ Hose
Single 3” Hose
Dual 3” Hose
Single 4” Hose
(1) 4” & (1) 3” Hose

59. Standardized Hydraulic Practices
Nozzle Nozzle Pressure GPM
1 ¾ Fog PSI
2 ½ Fog PSI 250
2” Master Stream 100 PSI
1” tip Hand line PSI
1 1/8 Hand line PSI
1 ¼ Hand line PSI

60. Standardized Hydraulic Practices
Nozzle Nozzle Pressure GPM
1 ¼ Master Tip PSI
1 3/8 Master Tip PSI
1 ½ Master Tip PSI
1 5/8 Master Tip o PSI
1 ¾ Master Tip PSI
1 7/8 Master Tip PSI
2” Master Tip PSI

61. Standardized Hydraulic Practices
NOZZLE PRESSURES
Handheld smooth bore nozzle : 50 PSI
Maser Stream (smooth bore) : 80 PSI
All Fog Nozzles : 100 PSI
Except Chief nozzles are 75 PSI ( for test purpose all Fog nozzles are calculated at 100 PSI )

62. Standardized Hydraulic Practices
Calculating Friction Loss
Wyes and Siamese: Add 10 PSI
Master Streams : Add 20 PSI
Elevation : add 5 PSI per floor or ½ PSI per foot. Descending elevation subtract 5 PSI or ½ PSI per foot.
Pre-Piped Waterways 20 PSI

63. Standardized Hydraulic Practices
To Calculate Friction Loss:
FORMULA FOR ATTACK PUMPER
FL=CQ2L + Nozzle Pressure
FORMULA FOR SUPPLY PUMPER
FL=CQ2L and add 40 PSI for residual Pressure

64. Standardized Hydraulic Practices
Supplying protective sprinkler and standpipe system shall be at 150 PSI at the Siamese.
If a high rise pack is employed charge the system at 175 PSI
Start out pressure for Truck 2 and Ladder 2 will be 150 PSI

65. Standardized Hydraulic Practices Supply Operations
Supply hose load shall be finished off so that the lead coupling is visible and secured when line is pulled.
A minimum of 25’ of hose is to accompany the coupling when the line is pulled.
3’’ or 4’’ supply lines are to be filled with water before the throttle is advanced.

66. Standardized Hydraulic Practices Supply Operations
Starting pressure for 3” hose is 100 PSI and Max targeted Pressure is 200 PSI
Starting Pressure for 4” hose is 75 PSI and Max targeted pressure is 175 PSI
Supply pumper can make a one time 25 PSI adjustment to either lower or raise the water flow ( if requested by the attack pumper). If the flow needs adjusted again the supply pumper will need to calculate the flow.

67. HYDRANT RESIDUAL To calculate how much water is left in a hydrant.
Percent Drop= Static minus Residual X100
Static
0-10% Drop= 3 times amount being used
11-15% Drop = 2 times
16-25% Drop = Same amount being used
25 + % Drop = More water might be available, but not as much as is being used

68. Hydraulic Problems C (X) Q2 (X) L (+) NP (+) E (+) SA C : Coefficient
Q : GPM flow divided by 100
L : Length of hose
NP : Nozzle Pressure
E : Elevation
SA : Special Appliances

69. TEST QUESTIONS
ARE IN BOLD PRINT AND GOLD WRITING