1. Biology Investigation Project Presentation
Today’s Topic : Diabetes

2. What is Diabetes ??
Diabetes : a condition in which the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood is too high
2 types of diabetes : Diabetes mellitus & Diabetes insipidus
Medical name : Diabetes mellitus
The body cannot use glucose properly and
The body is neither able to produce nor properly use insulin also
Diabetes can be fatal
There is no cure for diabetes yet
Topic : What is Diabetes ??

3. Insulin : The only hormone whose function is to reduce the blood sugar level in human body (also called “Miracle medicine of diabetes”)
Produced by the pancreas, that helps the glucose to enter the cells where the glucose is used as "fuel" by the body
The main symptoms :
1) Increased thirst
2) Going to the toilet all the time (especially at night)
3) Extreme tiredness
4) Weight loss
5) Blurred vision, etc.
Topic : What is Diabetes ??

4. Suspected cause of diabetes :
1) Genetics
2) Environmental factors ( Obesity and lack of exercise)
Topic : What is Diabetes ??

5. Statistical Data
All over the world :
Approximately 150 million people suffer from diabetes mellitus nowadays
This number may be doubled by the year 2025 as it is predicted by WHO, and most of this increase will be occurred in developing countries
In China :
Less than 5% of the diabetes patients suffer from type I diabetes
About 95% of them suffer from type II diabetes
Topic : What is Diabetes ??

6. In the USA :
About 17 million adult and children Americans are diabetic
Close to a third of them may not know they have diabetes
The reason is diabetes can develop gradually over many years (often with no symptoms)
Topic : What is Diabetes ??

7. Types of Diabetes Two types of Diabetes :
1) Type I : The insulin-dependent diabetes
2) Type II : The non-insulin-dependent diabetes
Topic : Types of Diabetes

8. Topic : Types of Diabetes

9. Topic : Types of Diabetes
Normal person : Normal level of insulin production
Type I Diabetes : Reduced insulin production
Type II Diabetes : Increased insulin production due to fewer receptor sites
Topic : Types of Diabetes

10. Type I Diabetes
Deficiency : Patient’s body stops making insulin or make only a tiny amount
Glucose cannot get into the somatic cells of the patient without insulin
Overtime, high level of glucose in the blood may hurt your eyes, kidneys, nerves or even heart
Most occurrence : Under the age of 30
Topic : Type I Diabetes

11. Topic : Type I Diabetes

12. Symptoms of type I diabetes :
Frequent urination
Constant hunger
Constant thirst
Weight loss
Weakness
Fatigue
Edginess
Mood changes
Nausea
Vomiting
Topic : Type I Diabetes

13. Cause of type I diabetes :
Beta cells of the pancreas fail to produce insulin (but it is still a mystery as to why the beta cells fail to the first place)
Most people with type I diabetes have high levels of auto-antibodies which are antibodies that have “gone bad”
Auto-antibodies attack your body’s own tissues and may also attack insulin and the cells produce it
Topic : Type I Diabetes

14. Type II Diabetes
Deficiency : Patient’s body produce normal or even more insulin but the cell’s receptor sites are defective or there are not enough of them, then the cells do not accept the insulin (“insulin resistance”)
Glucose cannot get into the somatic cells of the patient as the influence of insulin to the cells is not enough
Patients with type II diabetes might inject insulin but does not depend on it to live (Not the major treatment)
Overtime, high level of glucose in the blood may hurt your eyes, kidneys, nerves or even heart again
Most occurrence : Over the age of 40
Topic : Type II Diabetes

15. Symptoms of type II diabetes :
Frequent urination
Constant hunger and thirst
Weight loss
Dry, itchy skin
Blurred vision
Tingling or numb hands
Weakness
Fatigue
Infection of skin, gums, bladder or vagina that keep coming back or heal slowly
Topic : Type II Diabetes

16. Cause of type II diabetes :
Type II diabetes is closely related to the genetic make-up of one’s family, that it usually runs in families
Many people with diabetes are overweight
Type II diabetes is common in people who :
1) Eat too much fats
2) Eat too little carbohydrate & fibre
3) Get too little exercise
Topic : Type II Diabetes

17. Detection of Diabetes There are many methods, including :
1) Glucose tolerance test
Performed early in the morning after the patient has not eaten anything
First a fasting blood sugar sample is taken
Then a patient was given 75 grams of glucose to ingest carry out the half-hour test, one-hour test, two-hour test…..
Topic : Detection of Diabetes

18. The table showing normal results of the glucose tolerance test
Topic : Detection of Diabetes

19. 2) Fasting plasma sugar test
Can be done at home by patient or by doctor
The blood of patient will be drawn and tested it by an in-house glucose analyser if it is done by doctor
The blood sample will be drawn with a needle stick in the patient’s finger by the patient himself and then tested it by a glucose meter
Positive Result : 200 mg percent or above on 2 separate occasions of 2-hour glucose tolerance test, this indicates that the patient is probably suffered from diabetes
Topic : Detection of Diabetes

20. 3) Other methods
Other methods of diagnosing and detecting diabetes
includes :
1) Urine sugar test
2) After eating (postprandial) blood sugar test
3) Random plasma glucose test
4) Steriod glucose tolerance test.
Topic : Detection of Diabetes

21. Management and Control of Diabetes
There are several ways to control and manage the type I
insulin-dependent diabetes as listed below :
1) Take insulin such as insulin shots, insulin pump replace the insulin that do not make in pancreatic cell
2) Pursue a positive attitude
3) Do regular exercise
4) Do blood plasma test
Topic : Management and Control of Diabetes

22. There are several ways to control and manage the type II
non-insulin-dependent diabetes as listed below :
1) Take the HCA (Hypoglycemic Agents)
Principle behind HCA :
1) Make the body more receptive to insulin
2) Keep the body from converting fats into carbohydrates
3) Slow down the formation of cholesterol and triglycerides
Topic : Management and Control of Diabetes

23. Advantage of regular exercising :
1) Benefit to the cardiovascular system
2) High blood pressure control
3) Glucose control
4) Increased muscle strength and flexibility
Topic : Management and Control of Diabetes

24. Risk factors of Diabetes
There are many risk factors of diabetes, including :
1) Age
2) Persistent overeating of sugary food
3) Obesity
4) Low levels of physical activity
Others minor factors including :
1) Family history
2) Race
Topic : Risk factors of Diabetes

25. Control of Lifestyle There are many methods, including :
1) A balanced diet
It is important to have a balance diet for patients who suffer from diabetes
Carbohydrates : 50-60%
Fats : limited to 30%
Protein : 10-20%
Fibre : 25-50%
Topic : Control of Lifestyle

26. 2) Minerals and vitamins
People who have diabetes would also have a high chance of death due to heart diseases
The intake of vitamins C helps to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease
The intake of vitamins D helps to improve the dry skin condition
The intake of calcium helps to regulate the blood pressure
Topic : Control of Lifestyle

27. Complication of Diabetes
There are many complications of diabetes, including :
1) Heart attack
2) Blood vessel diseases
3) High blood pressure
4) Kidney diseases
5) Eyes diseases (retinopathy)
6) Foot diseases
7) Skin diseases
8) Dental diseases
Topic : Complication of Diabetes

28. 9) In men :
- Impotence (Erectile dysfunction)
10) In women :
- Delayed Menarche
- Unpleasant symptoms like depression, headache, etc.
- Confusion with the symptoms of menopause
- Reduced intensity of sexual response
Topic : Complication of Diabetes

29. Things related to Diabetes
Diabetic patients can keep their blood sugar levels low by
eating foods which have low levels of fats and
carbohydrates, or those with low Glycemic Index.
What is the "Glycemic Index (GI)"?
It is simply a numerical ranking of foods based on their immediate effect to raise your blood sugar
It measures how fast the carbohydrate of a particular food is converted to glucose and enters the bloodstream
It is a simple index : A food with a high number enters the bloodstream faster than one with a lower number
Topic : Things related to Diabetes

30. One who sticks to the foods with small GI and one’s blood sugar level can be lowered
How does a Low Glycemic Diet work?
All carbohydrates are not the same
Some "gush" into your blood stream and boost your blood sugar level, others just "trickle" in slowly keeping it low.
Choosing the “slower” ones instead of the “faster” ones is the secret to make the diet work.
For example : instant mashed potato (GI-86) will raise your blood sugar more than twice as much as an equal serving of converted rice (GI-38).
One sticks to foods with a low GI and you will lower your average blood sugar level for the day. Also people can lose weight more easily by doing the same.
Topic : Things related to Diabetes

31. Topic : Things related to Diabetes

32. Topic : Things related to Diabetes

33. Authors : Mandy Chan, Fion Tao and Alan Ng
Biology Investigation Project Presentation
~~ The End ~~
Authors : Mandy Chan, Fion Tao and Alan Ng
Today’s Topic : Diabetes