1. The enlightenment and the American Revolution

2. The enlightenment (5-1) I. Philosophy in the Age of Reason
A) Scientific Revolution Sparks the Enlightenment
B) Hobbs & Locke have conflicting views
C) Philosophes (fee loh ZOHFS)
D) New Economic Thinking
Adam Smith’s Law of Supply & Demand

3. The enlightenment New ideas in government and politics
People began questioning the need for all powerful Kings
Can people choose leaders for themselves?
“All people are created equal”
New (and potentially dangerous) concept – Dangerous to who?

4. Prior to this time
God
KING
people

5. God people KING Suddenly it became
The shift from the idea of Divine Right of Kings to the Social Contract Theory was influenced by the Enlightened Philosophers.

6. What is philosophy?
Philosophy is the love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge
The Philosophes (fee loh ZOHFS) were a group of enlightened thinkers in France who applied the methods of science to understand and improve society. SEEKING & STUDYING WISDOM They believed that the use of reason could lead to reforms of government, law, and society.

7. Enlightenment salon – Madame geoffrin social conversation over coffee and tea

8. Madame Geoffrin’s Paris salon
SEEKING & STUDYING WISDOM
Today, where do people go to exchange ideas, debate, and chat?
Enlightenment ideas –
what did they mean?
It was all about government and the role in played in people’s lives.

9. How did philosophes help to create new assumptions about the use of power?

10. Scientific Revolution Sparks the Enlightenment
In the wake of the Scientific Revolution came the Enlightenment. This was an era in which people used reason to try to understand more about human behavior and solve the problems of society.
Hobbes and Locke Had Conflicting Views
English philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both wrote about society and the ideal form of governing it. Hobbes thought people needed strict control to rein in their naturally brutish tendencies. Locke thought people were moral at heart and were entitled to certain natural rights, which governments were obliged to protect.

11. The leviathan

12. The matter, forme, & Power of a commonwealth
Thomas hobbes
The matter, forme, & Power of a commonwealth
Observation: people are generally bad
Life without a strong government is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”
Hypothesis: Absolute government is needed to control evil behavior

13. Two Treatises of government
John Locke
Two Treatises of government
Observation: government exists to: “preserve life, liberty, and property.”
People had certain “natural rights” or rights that belonged to all humans from birth
Hypothesis: People should be sovereign (rule)
Hypothesis: Monarch not chosen by God

14. What were they thinking?
They did not always agree with one another!

16. New economic thinking
Economists also applied reason to their study of economics during the Enlightenment. Adam Smith and a group of French thinkers called physiocrats urged economies that operated with little government control.

17. Adam smith and the invisible hand

18. Physiocrats vs the mercantilists
Favored government regulation
Believed in building wealth through trade
Physiocrats (Adam Smith & friends)
Opposed government regulation
Believed in building wealth through land productivity

19. Quick Review

20. Immanuel kant
“Enlightenment is man’s leaving his self- caused immaturity. Immaturity is the incapacity to use one’s intelligence without the guidance of another. Such immaturity is self- caused if it is not caused by lack of intelligence, but by lack of determination and courage to use one’s intelligence without being guided by another. Sapere Aude! [Dare to know!] Have the courage to use your own intelligence! is therefore the motto of the enlightenment.”

21. Baron de Montesquieu The spirit of laws (MAHN tus kyoo)
Observation: The best way to protect liberty was to divide the various functions and powers of the government among three branches
Each branch of government should be able to serve as a check on the other two

22. Where have you seen this before?
Montesquieu (MAHN tus kyoo)
Where have you seen this before?

23. Montesquieu influenced the U.S. Constitution
The Constitution sets up three branches of Government, just as Montesquieu recommended.

24. “My trade is to say what I think”
Francois-marie arouet
(Voltaire)
“My trade is to say what I think”
Criticized powerful institutions for being unjust
Targeted corrupt officials and idle aristocrats
Supported freedom of speech
Imprisoned and forced into exile, books outlawed and burned
“I disapprove of what you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it”

25. There should be “separation of church and state”
What was Voltaire’s opinion on the relationship between religion and the government?
There should be “separation of church and state”

26. Jean-Jacques rousseau
The social contract
Despised political and economic oppression
People in their natural state were basically good
Their natural innocence was corrupted by the evils of society, making it restrictive
Advocated the will of the majority and the common good

27. Rousseau’s ‘social contract’

28. What does Rousseau say should happen if this contract is broken by the rulers?

30. Rousseau and voltaire argue

31. Rousseau
voltaire
Distrusted aristocrats because he believed they were betraying decent traditional values Opposed the theater Shunned the aristocracy Argued for democratic revolution Argued that inequality was unnatural, and when taken too far, made decent government impossible Insisted on his correctness, even while contradicting himself Free with original thoughts in all directions: ideas about education, the family, government, the arts, and whatever else attracted his attention
Trusted aristocrats Loved the theater Courted the aristocrats Wary of revolution Equality was impossible Charmed with his wit Insisted on the supremacy of the intellect Endlessly repeated the same handful of core Enlightenment notions

32. What were the effects of the enlightenment?
F.A.S.T.
(Use AN acronym) F.
Fueled democratic revolutions around world (American, French)
Signing of the Declaration of Independence
July 4, 1776
Bastille: The French Revolution begins July 14, 1789

33. The enlightenment (5-2) II. Enlightenment Ideas Spread
A) New ideas challenge society
B) Arts and literature reflect new meanings
C) Enlightened despots embrace new ideas
D) Lives of the majority change slowly

34. New Ideas Challenge Society
While churches and monarchies tried to stop the flow of Enlightenment ideas through censorship, Enlightenment thinkers found new ways of spreading their ideas, such as through novels and salons.
Arts and Literature Reflect New Ideas
The Enlightenment saw the birth of new styles in art, music, and literature. Painters embraced the lighter and more informal rococo style; composers, too, moved away from the baroque and into rococo and classical music. This was evidenced in the works of Handel, Haydn, and Mozart. In literature, the novel was king as audiences devoured long stories about their own times.

35. The spread of enlightenment ideals

36. "Reading from Moliere," artist Jean Francois de Troy depicts a salon of the French Enlightenment.

37. "A Philosopher lecturing with a Mechanical Planetary" by Joseph Wright, 1766

38. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
George Frideric
Handel
New ideas reflected in Music
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Franz joseph hayden

39. What new form of literature evolved during the Age of Enlightenment?
The novel
This is how philosophes and writers avoided censorship…
disguising ideas in works of fiction

40. What was significant about Don Quixote?
It was the first novel
(fiction-- not a true story)
Cervantes was from Spain

41. It was a story about an idiotic knight--the book made fun of knights and the middle ages

42. Enlightened Despots Embrace New Ideas
Some absolute rulers of the time adopted limited reforms inspired by Enlightenment ideas. For instance Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Joseph II of Austria all showed religious tolerance. Still the monarchs were not willing to share their power.
Lives of the Majority Change Slowly
It wasn’t until the late 1700s that Enlightenment ideas spread through Europe’s peasant classes. In time, these ideas, in combination with war and economic troubles, would bring the masses to revolt.

43. The winds of change are in the air

44. France, Austria, Prussia, Russia

45. Quick Review