1. Standard(s): 21. Trace the founding of Rome to Caesar Augustus (Pax Romana) 22. List the key contributions/accomplishments of the Roman Empire 23. Identify key figures of the period and their contributions or area of influence 24. Give reasons for the decline of the Roman Empire 25. Trace the growth of Christianity during Roman rule

2. Ancient Rome

3. The Land of Italy A peninsula, shaped like a boot, that juts into the Mediterranean Sea

4. Sicily An island west of the “toe” –Attracted Ancient Greeks Because of it’s rich farmland

5. Northern border of present-day Italy Walled off Italy from the rest of Europe The Alps

6. The Apennines Mountains that form a “backbone” down the peninsula Their great height makes travel difficult Lacks rich soil –The people turned to sheep herding

7. Fertile Plains Po River Valley –One of the most important Latium –The Tiber River runs through the center of the plain –Location of the center of the Roman Empire

8. Rome Rome developed over seven hills –They protected the city from attack The Tiber River eased travel between the mountains and Mediterranean coast –Brought goods and news from faraway seaports The Latium plain is surrounded by inactive volcanoes –Past eruptions created rich soil

9. Prosperous Farms Grew wheat, beans cabbage, and lettuce, and fruit Grew grapes for wine –Watered down for drinking –Poured into wounds for healing –Became a valuable trade good

10. The Etruscans Early settlers on the Etrurian plain –Tuscany today 575 B.C. conquered much of the Italian peninsula –Including Rome –Ruled for many years

11. Review pg 221 #1 – 5 In complete sentences, incorporating the question into the answer

12. The Roman Republic

13. Early Rome Rome was divided into two groups –Plebeians Farmers Tradesmen craftsworkers –Patricians Members of Rome’s noble families They owned farms –Plebeians worked the land

14. Rome had few slaves Roman women could not participate in civil life

15. The Republic 494 B.C. –The Plebeians rebelled –The Patricians were forced to accept the plebeian’s demands –The Roman Republic lasted for 500 years

16. Government The citizens of Rome elected their representatives –Citizens elected people to run the government –Similar to the U.S. today –But … in Rome not all votes were equal

17. Three Branches of Government

18. Oldest and most powerful branch Senate –Controlled by Patricians –Said how Rome would act toward other governments –Controlled the money –Chosen for Life

19. Citizen Assembly Elected by the patricians Elected the tribunes –As their representatives –Leaders of the citizens assembly –Protected the rights of the plebeians Elected Consuls Had to agree to the laws and any changes. –Checks and Balances

20. Consuls Elected by the Citizen Assembly Served one year as army commanders and judges –Could order arrests –Could propose laws The Citizens Assembly could veto their actions One Consul had to be a Plebeian

21. The Twelve Tablets Governed all aspects of Roman life –Marriage –Trade –Warfare Were posted in the Forum –Part market, part town square –Where citizens presented their cases to the judges

22. The First Punic War 264 B.C. Roman soldiers land on the island of Sicily Sparked conflicts with the empire of Carthage

23. After 20 years of fighting Carthage surrendered Sicily to Rome Rome seized more lands controlled by Carthage

24. The Second Punic War 218 B.C. –Hannibal is sent with a Carthaginian army to attack Rome –Rome’s navy controlled the waters –Hannibal planned to attack by land

25. Hannibal arched from Spain, over the Alps –With 90,000 men and trained elephants

26. Hannibal crossed the Alps but lost thousands of men –He defeated many Roman armies –He caused a lot of destruction –but was stranded and had to retreat

27. 202 B.C. –While Hannibal was in Italy, Roman consul Scipio Africanus invaded Carthage –Hannibal returned and fought, but was defeated at the Battle of Zama –Rome was now the most powerful nation in the Mediterranean region

28. Roman and Greece Between 214 and 148 B.C. Rome conquered Greece

29. –Rome was influenced by Greek culture Educated Romans learned to speak Greek The wealthy collected Greek art

30. Shared Gods and Goddesses

31. Greek/Roman god(dess) research activity

32. Power Brings Problems The rich grew richer The poor grew poorer Rome’s government was designed to govern a city, not an empire

33. Effort at Reform Rome’s conquered territories felt they had no say in the government 90 B.C. – Rome’s Italian allies revolted –When the revolt ended they were given Roman citizenship

34. Review pg 229 #1 – 5 In complete sentences, incorporating the question into the answer

35. The Roman Empire

36. Julius Caesar Born into a patrician family In 59 B.C. he was elected consul of Rome In 58 B.C. he became the military governor of Roman Gaul (part of today’s France)

37. By 51 B.C. Caesar had conquered the rest of Gaul –Extending Rome’s control to the English Channel

38. The Senate worried about Caesar’s growing power –And ordered him to return to Rome without his army Instead, he and his army crossed the Rubicon River into Italy –And started a civil war

39. Pompey Caesar’s main enemy Caesar defeated him –Pompey fled to Egypt And was murdered

40. Cleopatra Caesar sailed to Alexandria Helped Cleopatra defeat her brother Ptolemy for the throne of Egypt In return, Cleopatra gave Caesar money to continue fighting for control of Rome

41. In 45 B.C. Caesar returned to Rome and made himself dictator –A ruler with sole power

42. Caesar’s Rule Gave land to his soldiers Gave free grain to poor citizens Increased the number of people in the senate Granted Roman citizenship to people not born in Rome Ordered a new, more accurate calendar –Named the month of his birth “July”

43. Senators grew concerned with Caesar –About all the changes he made –About his growing power and popularity –About his destroying tradition –They thought he was going to make himself king

44. The “Ides of March” Caesar arrived at the Senate and was stabbed to death by enemies

45. Octavian After Caesar’s death civil war broke out again After 14 years of fighting Octavian, Caesar’s grand nephew, defeated his rivals and becomes imperator (emperor) –He took the name Augustus –He reformed the government of Rome

46. Augustus made the government more efficient –Built new roads, buildings, water systems –Created a a single system of government and money –Goods came in from all over the Mediterranean Wheat from North Africa Copper pots from Spain Greek wool, Egyptian linen, Chinese silk

47. Pax Romana Latin for “Roman Peace” A time of stability and prosperity Lasted from 27 B.C. to A.D. 193

48. Rome About one million people lived in Rome Under Augustus Romans enjoyed –Police and fire protection –Free bread –Entertainment At the city’s center was the Forum –Large marble buildings –Theaters

49. Were forced to fight in arenas Were slaves or criminals condemned to death Gladiators

50. The Colosseum An enormous stadium built for gladiator “games”

51. Controlling the Empire Rome taxed everyone to pay for its empire Army units enforced Roman law –Roman soldiers were paid to serve Many were poor men looking to earn a living

52. The Census A count of people living in the empire Taken every five years

53. Pompeii In A.D. 79 Mount Vesuvius, a volcano in southern Italy, erupted and buried the city in ash People were caught unaware Archeologists excavated (dug out) the city –Tells us about life in Pompeii

54. Daily Life The city was laid out in blocks Many houses were found both rich and poor –Some with shops –Larger ones with gardens Public buildings –Baths –Theaters

55. Rome’s Great Projects Aqueducts –Raised waterways that brought fresh water into the city

56. Public Baths Where people went to discuss politics, business, and to gossip to friends Included libraries, museums and art galleries

57. The Arch –Carried great weight –Keystone pressed against other stones locking them in place –Replaced columns to hold up roofs Concrete –Used to form walls of temples, baths, and bridges, many that are still standing

58. Review pg 239 #1 – 5 In complete sentences, incorporating the question into the answer

59. The Birth of Christianity

60. The Life of Jesus Jesus was born in Judea –Part of the Roman Empire under Augustus

61. The New Testament Tells us most of what we know about Jesus Together with the Old Testament (the Hebrew Torah) it is the Bible

62. Jesus the Teacher From the age of 30 Jesus spent his time as a Jewish teacher –Warning people about the importance of living a just life

63. People believed Jesus could perform miracles –And that Jesus was the Messiah A leader sent by God to guide the Jewish people

64. Christianity Those who followed Jesus became know as Christians –Their religion became known as Christianity

65. Jesus’ Message Jesus’ teachings are often used as parables –Short stories that carry a message Taught seeking the right path in life Taught the importance of loving all people

66. The Apostles The 12 men Jesus chose to help him teach –They came from many different ways of life with little in common Peter – a fisherman Levi – a tax collector

67. The Death of Jesus Jesus’ popularity troubled some people –They were afraid he would want to be king The Roman governor was afraid of a revolt in Judea

68. When Jesus came to Jerusalem to celebrate the Passover the Romans arrested him The Roman governor sentenced him to die by crucifixion –Usually a punishment for criminals

69. Resurrection Three days later Jesus rose to heaven Easter celebrates his renewed life

70. Christian Churches Jesus’ followers set up Christian churches throughout the Roman Empire Some Roman leaders punished Christians because they would not worship the emperor The new religion continued to grow

71. Jesus’ message of love, hope and a better world to come appealed to many people living under the Roman rule.

72. Paul Originally Saul of Tarsus Well educated At first opposed Christianity Later became Christian, changed his name to Paul, and helped spread Christianity

73. Peter Helped bring Christianity to Rome The first bishop Later the first pope, Latin for “father”

74. Review pg 245 #1 – 4 In complete sentences, incorporating the question into the answer

75. Rome and Byzantium

76. Unrest and Invasion The Roman Empire grew weaker and poorer It had relied on foreign soldiers for protection When Germanic people began to settle with the Roman empire the army was too weak to stop them

77. Cities and farms were destroyed The government could not collect taxes Trade declined Western Roman cities built thick walls for protection Wealthy landowners made forts of their homes

78. Diocletian Came to power in A.D. 284 Divided the empire into two parts –He took over the eastern half of the empire Egypt Greece Western Asia –Assistants ruled the western half

79. Diocletian saw Christians as a threat to the empire He began a new persecutions of Christians –One of the worst in history

80. This is a turning point in Roman history Power shifted from west to east –Rome was no longer important

81. Constantine 311 - A.D. Roman general Saw a cross in the sky before an important battle Won the battle Became Christian

82. Constantine became Emperor of Rome and ended Christian persecution He made Christianity one of the official religions of Rome

83. Constantine wanted to reunite Rome –But knew he couldn’t The eastern half of the empire held the power and wealth

84. Constantinople In 330 Constantine renamed the city of Byzantium, Constantinople, and made it his capital Today it is the city of Istanbul in Turkey

85. Constantinople was a major trade route Located on a peninsula –Made it easy to defend

86. Constantine had Christian churches built Under Constantine Christians had the freedom to worship Christian leaders had access to position, land, and money Protector of Christianity

87. The “New Rome” The eastern empire flourished But... In 410 invaders captured the city of Rome In 476 the last emperor was gone –Rome’s power was gone

88. The Byzantine Empire The eastern half of the Roman Empire

89. Byzantine life was based on Greek culture People spoke Greek Art and building styles were influenced by Greece Writers were influenced by Greek philosophy

90. Byzantine and Christianity Eastern Christians formed their own branch of Christianity, Eastern Orthodox Christianity

91. Justinian Ruled the Byzantine Empire from 527 – 565 Persecuted non believers and non Christians –Felt they were harmful to the unity of the empire –Tried to recapture lands of Africa and Europe once held by Rome

92. Rebuilding Constantinople The centerpiece of Justinian's new city was the Church of Hagia Sophia

93. Justinian built aqueducts, baths, schools and hospitals Made Constantinople one of the great cities of the world

94. The Justinian Code A code of law created by Justinian to preserve Roman law and tradition –It dealt with marriage, property rights. slavery, crime and women’s rights

95. Principles of this code are part of the laws of Western Europe and the United States

96. Theodora Justinian’s wife and assistant –She provide advise and support –She supported women’s rights –Contributed to charities Built hospitals and public kitchens Helped save the empire when a revolt broke out in Constantinople

97. When Justinian died he left a larger stronger empire than when he took over The Byzantine Empire would last for over a thousand years

98. Review pg 253 #1 – 5 In complete sentences, incorporating the question into the answer

100. Evaluation –Section reviews –Chapter Test

101. Next up... African Civilizations