1. Chapter 9
Race and Ethnicity

2. The Burden (or Privilege) of Race
PAGE 276: Excerpt from “DAYS OF GRACE” by A. Ashe.

3. Race as a social construction
Biologically speaking, because of the blending of people from different parts of the world, there is no such thing as a “pure” race.
Race = a social category distinguished by socially-selected biological traits.
What are examples of “socially selected” biological traits?

4. Race as a social & psychological construction
More recently, people have selected/ influenced which race they belong to by which one he/she identifies with the most.
In U. S. examples of racial categories:
Native Americans
Latin or Hispanic Americans
African-Americans
Asian-Americans
Middle-Eastern Americans
Anglo-Americans

5. 5 Main Features of Ethnicity (Ethnic Categories)
Ethnicity = A social category distinguished (by others or by themselves) by subcultural and/or nationality traits. 
5 Main Features of Ethnicity (Ethnic Categories)
Unique cultural traits
Sense of community
A feeling of ethnocentrism
Ascribed membership from birth (in adulthood can be achieved)
Territoriality  
Examples???

6. Ethnicity/Ethnic Categories
* Note an ethnic category is a minority-status category by definition; it denotes attachment to a culture that is different or unique from the dominant U. S. culture. Thus, there is no such ethnicity as “English -American,” even though England is a different country.
Examples of Ethnic Categories?
 Note: There is a SPECIFC COUNTRY attached to American, NOT a whole continent like Africa or Europe.

7. Race & Ethnicity
Consider: Why do we discuss such concepts as “Race” and “Ethnicity?”
OPPORTUNITIES and LIFE CHANCES. Examples??
Even as your author states, race and ethnicity affect how long people live -- in the United States.

8. Race & Ethnicity
For the first time, Census 2000 made it possible for people to indicate that they belonged to more than one race.

9. What do we mean by “minority” and “majority?”
Minority-status = A social position that is relatively disadvantaged in terms of life chances, e.g., blocked opportunities to political influence, economic participation, rights.
Majority status = a social position that is relatively advantaged in terms of life chances, e.g., influence politically, economic participation, rights.

10. Minority and Majority Statuses
Examples of majority status in the
U. S. social structure of society?
Examples of minority status in the

11. Related concepts:
Prejudice = a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of selected social categories, e.g., race, ethnicity, age, ability.
Stereotypes = Overgeneralizations about appearance, behavior, or other traits of members of social categories.

12. Related concepts… 2 categories of discrimination
Discrimination = The practice of treating people unequally.
See Figure 9.1 on page 285. Examples of each category?
2 categories of discrimination
Individual: one-on-one unequal treatment.
Institutional: When unequal treatment of people is embedded into social organizations and institutions
(e.g., residentially by real estate industry, auto industry, dating, workplace, military).

13. Related concepts… Racism = Prejudice and discrimination based on race.
Segregation = the spatial and social separation of social categories (e.g., race, ethnicity, ability-level, social class, gender, religion).
Assimilation = the process by which members of minority races and ethnicities become absorbed into the dominant culture.

14. 4 Levels of Assimilation
a.) Cultural assimilation (a.k.a., acculturation) = when members of a racial or ethnic minority adopt aspects of dominant culture, e.g., language, dress, values, religion, and food.
b.) Structural assimilation (a.k.a. integration) = when members of a racial or ethnic minority gain acceptance into everyday social interaction with members of the majority race or ethnicity (e.g., in the workplace, in friendship, social clubs).

15. 4 Levels of Assimilation…
c). Biological assimilation (a.k.a. amalgamation) = when members of one race or ethnicity marry members of another race or ethnicity.
 * Note: Biological assimilation (or amalgamation) is more complete in countries such as Mexico and Brazil than in the U. S.)
 d.) Psychological Assimilation = An individual person’s change in racial or ethnic self-identification.
 Focus > Native-Americans. Have been here the longest. At which level are Native Americans?

16. Theoretical Perspectives of Race and Ethnic Relations
Review Table 9.A on page 291.

17. Review ALL racial minority categories in Ch. 9 of Text
Asian-Americans 
African-Americans
Hispanic-Americans
Native-Americans
Middle-Eastern Americans
GROUP DISCUSSIONS>>>
History? Life Chances Today??
How does ethnicity affect both factors (history and life chances) for some races?

18. Southern Poverty Law Center
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