1. Rival City-States: Athens versus Sparta

2. Sparta “Come back with your shield or on it”

3. Development Located on the Peloponnesus PeninsulaLocated on the Peloponnesus Peninsula Founded by descendants of DoriansFounded by descendants of Dorians Militaristic societyMilitaristic society HelotsHelots

4. Founded on the principle that the life of EVERY INDIVIDUAL belonged to the stateFounded on the principle that the life of EVERY INDIVIDUAL belonged to the state Militaristic OligarchyMilitaristic Oligarchy Government

5. OligarchyOligarchy Kings (2):Kings (2): Religious, judicial & military dutiesReligious, judicial & military duties Ephors (5):Ephors (5): Day-to-day operationsDay-to-day operations Could veto any law; had the most political powerCould veto any law; had the most political power Government

6. Government Council of Elders:Council of Elders: Proposed laws; at least 60 years oldProposed laws; at least 60 years old Assembly:Assembly: Voted on laws; all Spartan men over the age of 30Voted on laws; all Spartan men over the age of 30

7. Social Class Spartiates (citizens):Spartiates (citizens): Landowners & nobles (5%)Landowners & nobles (5%) Perioeci:Perioeci: Free men; often foreign artisans & merchantsFree men; often foreign artisans & merchants Helots:Helots: Slaves/serfsSlaves/serfs

8. Women were expected to be healthy & strong so that they could bear strong childrenWomen were expected to be healthy & strong so that they could bear strong children Trained in gymnastics, wrestling & boxingTrained in gymnastics, wrestling & boxing Status of Women

9. Although they were respected in Spartan society, women COULD NOT participate in governmentAlthough they were respected in Spartan society, women COULD NOT participate in government

10. Primary purpose:Primary purpose: Produce soldiersProduce soldiers Military training began at age 7Military training began at age 7 Entered the military at age 18Entered the military at age 18 Education/Training

11. Education/Training Trained to read, write & use weaponsTrained to read, write & use weapons Taught to steal, but not get caughtTaught to steal, but not get caught Harsh training: no shoes, sometimes no clothingHarsh training: no shoes, sometimes no clothing

12. Spartan Values DutyDuty HonorHonor BraveryBravery ObedienceObedience EnduranceEndurance StrengthStrength Self-RelianceSelf-Reliance ModestyModesty CunningCunning DevotionDevotion SuccessSuccess Military PowerMilitary Power ConformityConformity

13. Athens

14. Located on the Attica Peninsula (north of Sparta)Located on the Attica Peninsula (north of Sparta) Descended from the MycenaeansDescended from the Mycenaeans Development

16. Assembly:Assembly: Passed laws & decided public issuesPassed laws & decided public issues ALL free men over the age of 18 could participateALL free men over the age of 18 could participate DUTYDUTY Government

17. Council of 500:Council of 500: Drafted & proposed lawsDrafted & proposed laws Oversaw meetings of the assemblyOversaw meetings of the assembly Members chosen by lottery once a yearMembers chosen by lottery once a year Government

18. Ostracism:Ostracism: If a politician’s name appeared on 6,000 ostraca they would be EXILED!!!If a politician’s name appeared on 6,000 ostraca they would be EXILED!!! Government

19. Social Class Citizens:Citizens: All free men born in Athens (50%)All free men born in Athens (50%) Metics:Metics: Non-Athenians/aliensNon-Athenians/aliens No land, but paid taxesNo land, but paid taxes Could NEVER become citizensCould NEVER become citizens

20. Social Class Slaves:Slaves: Considered propertyConsidered property Protection under the lawProtection under the law Could move up to Metic classCould move up to Metic class 33% of population33% of population

21. No formal education; learned household duties from motherNo formal education; learned household duties from mother Married between 13-15Married between 13-15 Primary purpose was to have childrenPrimary purpose was to have children Status of Women

22. NO legal rightsNO legal rights Could NOT participate in government; expected to stay out of the business of menCould NOT participate in government; expected to stay out of the business of men

23. Entered school at 7; graduated at 18Entered school at 7; graduated at 18 Studied arithmetic, drawing, music, gymnastics, rhetoric, literature, etc.Studied arithmetic, drawing, music, gymnastics, rhetoric, literature, etc. Education/Training

24. Education/Training At age 18 men served in the military for 2 yearsAt age 18 men served in the military for 2 years Ephebic Oath:Ephebic Oath: Pledge of loyalty to Athens & to good citizenshipPledge of loyalty to Athens & to good citizenship

25. Healthy mind & bodyHealthy mind & body BeautyBeauty IndividualityIndividuality Balance & proportionBalance & proportion HonorHonor AthleticismAthleticism Loyalty & prideLoyalty & pride Wit & humorWit & humor PhilosophyPhilosophy Debate among citizensDebate among citizens Athenian Values