1. Scientific Classification What’s In a Name??

2. What are some ways you are classified? gender gender age age social security number social security number income income state/area of residence state/area of residence profession profession

3. Why Classify?? Human nature- we love to put things in their place! Human nature- we love to put things in their place! Organization Organization Identification Identification Less Confusion Less Confusion Show Relationships Show Relationships

4. Modern Classification Linnaeus Linnaeus Binomial nomenclature Binomial nomenclature Taxon (taxa) Taxon (taxa) phylogenetics- the tracing of evolutionary relationships phylogenetics- the tracing of evolutionary relationships

5. Haeckel (1894) Three kingdoms Whittaker (1959) Five kingdoms Woese (1977) Six kingdoms Woese (1990) Three domains Protista Monera Eubacteria Bacteria Archaebacteria Archaea Protista Eukarya Plantae Fungi Plantae Animalia

6. Early history of life Solar system~ 12 billion years ago (bya) Solar system~ 12 billion years ago (bya) Earth~ 4.5 bya Earth~ 4.5 bya Life~ 3.5 to 4.0 bya Life~ 3.5 to 4.0 bya Prokaryotes~ 3.5 to 2.0 byastromatolites Prokaryotes~ 3.5 to 2.0 byastromatolites Oxygen accumulation~ 2.7 bya photosynthetic cyanobacteria Oxygen accumulation~ 2.7 bya photosynthetic cyanobacteria Eukaryotic life~ 2.1 bya Eukaryotic life~ 2.1 bya Muticelluar eukaryotes~ 1.2 bya Muticelluar eukaryotes~ 1.2 bya Animal diversity~ 543 mya Animal diversity~ 543 mya Land colonization~ 500 mya Land colonization~ 500 mya

7. Bacteria Kingdom: Monera? Kingdom: Monera? Domain: Bacteria Domain: Bacteria Domain: Archaea Domain: Archaea Prokaryotic- no membrane-bound organelles, microscopic Prokaryotic- no membrane-bound organelles, microscopic Shape Shape cocci (sphere) cocci (sphere) bacilli (rod) helical (spiral)

8. Archaea Vs. Eubacteria Domain Archaea Domain Archaea no membrane- bound organelles (prok.) no membrane- bound organelles (prok.) no peptidoglycan no peptidoglycan do not respond to antibiotics do not respond to antibiotics extremophiles extremophiles chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs 3 main groups: methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles 3 main groups: methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles Domain Eubacteria Domain Eubacteria no membrane-bound organelles (prok.) peptidoglycan in cell walls growth inhibited by antibiotics diverse metabolism 5 main groups: spirochetes, chlamydias, gram+, cyanobacteria, proteobacteria

9. Prokaryotes Decomposers: unlock organics from corpses and waste products Decomposers: unlock organics from corpses and waste products Symbiosis~ symbiont/host mutualism (+, +) parasitism (+, -) commensalism (+, 0) Symbiosis~ symbiont/host mutualism (+, +) parasitism (+, -) commensalism (+, 0) Disease opportunistic: normal residents of host; cause illness when defenses are weakened Koch’s postulates: criteria for bacterial disease confirmation Disease opportunistic: normal residents of host; cause illness when defenses are weakened Koch’s postulates: criteria for bacterial disease confirmation exotoxins: bacterial proteins that can produce disease w/o the prokaryote present (botulism) endotoxins: components of gram - membranes (Salmonella) exotoxins: bacterial proteins that can produce disease w/o the prokaryote present (botulism) endotoxins: components of gram - membranes (Salmonella)

10. Enter Eukaryotes- Domain Eukarya nucleus nucleus membrane-bound organelles membrane-bound organelles larger in size than prokaryotic cells larger in size than prokaryotic cells fungus, plant, and animal cells fungus, plant, and animal cells

11. Kingdom Protista (Domain Eukarya) Ingestive (animal-like); protozoa Ingestive (animal-like); protozoa Absorptive (fungus-like) Absorptive (fungus-like) Photosynthetic (plant-like); alga Photosynthetic (plant-like); alga

12. Kingdom Plantae (Domain Eukarya) bryophytes (mosses), pteridophytes (ferns), gymnosperms (pines and conifers); angiosperms (flowering plants) bryophytes (mosses), pteridophytes (ferns), gymnosperms (pines and conifers); angiosperms (flowering plants) Plants: multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs Plants: multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs Terrestrial colonization: Terrestrial colonization: Vascular tissue Vascular tissue The seed The seed The flower The flower

13. Gymnosperms (Kingdom Plantae) Cone-bearing plants Cone-bearing plants Lack enclosed chambers (ovaries) for seeds Lack enclosed chambers (ovaries) for seeds Ovules and seeds develop on specialized leaves called sporophylls Ovules and seeds develop on specialized leaves called sporophylls Ginkgo, cycads, and conifers Ginkgo, cycads, and conifers All are “evergreens” All are “evergreens” Needle-shaped leaves Needle-shaped leaves Vascular tissue refinement: tracheids~ water conducting and supportive element of xylem Vascular tissue refinement: tracheids~ water conducting and supportive element of xylem

14. Angiosperms (Kingdom Plantae) Most diverse and geographically widespread of all plants Most diverse and geographically widespread of all plants “Flowering plants”(Phy: Anthophyta) “Flowering plants”(Phy: Anthophyta) Monocots: 1 embryonic seed leaf (lilies, palms, grasses, grain crops) Monocots: 1 embryonic seed leaf (lilies, palms, grasses, grain crops) Dicots: 2 embryonic seed leaves (roses, peas, sunflowers, oaks, maples) Dicots: 2 embryonic seed leaves (roses, peas, sunflowers, oaks, maples) Vascular tissue refinement: vessel elements/fiber cells Vascular tissue refinement: vessel elements/fiber cells

15. Kingdom Fungi (Domain Eukarya) Heterotrophic by absorption (exoenzymes) Heterotrophic by absorption (exoenzymes) Decomposers (saprobes), parasites, mutualistic symbionts (lichens) Decomposers (saprobes), parasites, mutualistic symbionts (lichens) Hyphae: body filaments septate (cross walls) coenocytic (no cross walls) Hyphae: body filaments septate (cross walls) coenocytic (no cross walls) Mycelium: network of hyphae Mycelium: network of hyphae Chitin cell walls (polysaccharide) Chitin cell walls (polysaccharide)

16. Fungi Diversity, I Phy: Chytridiomycota aquatic fungi; chytrids lineage closest to protists (flagella) Phy: Chytridiomycota aquatic fungi; chytrids lineage closest to protists (flagella) Phy: ZygomycotaRhizopus (food mold) mycorrhizae: mutualistic with plant roots zygosporangia: resistant structure (freezing and drying) Phy: ZygomycotaRhizopus (food mold) mycorrhizae: mutualistic with plant roots zygosporangia: resistant structure (freezing and drying)

17. Fungi Diversity, II Phy.: Ascomycota sac fungi yeasts, truffles, morels, Sordaria asci: sexual spores conidia: asexual spores Phy.: Ascomycota sac fungi yeasts, truffles, morels, Sordaria asci: sexual spores conidia: asexual spores Phy.: Basidiomycota club fungus mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungus, rusts basidiocarps: produce sexual spores Phy.: Basidiomycota club fungus mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungus, rusts basidiocarps: produce sexual spores

18. Kingdom Animalia (Domain Eukarya) heterotrophic heterotrophic most are mobile most are mobile ingestion followed by digestion ingestion followed by digestion multicellular (most have tissues) multicellular (most have tissues) lack cell walls lack cell walls sexual reproduction sexual reproduction 35 phyla- most are marine 35 phyla- most are marine

19. Animal phylogeny & diversity Monophyletic; colonial flagellated protist ancestor Monophyletic; colonial flagellated protist ancestor 1- Parazoa-Eumetazoa dichotomy: sponges (Parazoa)~ no true tissues; all other animals (Eumetazoa)~ true tissues 1- Parazoa-Eumetazoa dichotomy: sponges (Parazoa)~ no true tissues; all other animals (Eumetazoa)~ true tissues 2- Radiata-Bilateria dichotomy: Cnidaria (hydra; ‘jellyfish’; sea anemones) & Ctenophora (comb jellies)~ radial body symmetry; all other animals~ bilateral body symmetry (also: cephalization) 2- Radiata-Bilateria dichotomy: Cnidaria (hydra; ‘jellyfish’; sea anemones) & Ctenophora (comb jellies)~ radial body symmetry; all other animals~ bilateral body symmetry (also: cephalization)

20. Summary 3 Domains- but textbooks are behind: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya 3 Domains- but textbooks are behind: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya 6 kingdom system in most texts: Eubacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia 6 kingdom system in most texts: Eubacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia classification now based on evolutionary history classification now based on evolutionary history