1. The Growth of European Nation States 1500s-1600s

2. Exploration and Colonization Portuguese – Henry the Navigator – Diaz, da Gama, Cabral – Southern Atlantic, Africa, India New Technologies – Magnetic compass, astrolabe, new sails/vessels

3. Exploration and Colonization Spanish – Columbus – Magellan – Cortes - Aztecs – Pizarro – Incas Gold and silver Columbian Exchange

4. Exploration and Colonization Low Countries rebel against Philip II – 1556-1587 – Calvinist – Prosperous Spanish Netherlands (Belgium)/United Provinces (Holland) Defeat of Spanish Armada (1588)

5. Exploration and Colonization Thirty Years’ War runs concurrently with this era Austria gains Bohemia, Hungary, and Transylvania after defeating Suleiman the Magnificent

6. Exploration and Colonization Russia – Czars used influence with Mongols to consolidate power – Ivan the Terrible (r. 1547-1584) Limited the power of the boyars Civil war after his death – Romanov dynasty established in 1613 – Peter the Great (r. 1696-1725) Expanded power of the state Modernized/Westernized St. Petersberg

7. Exploration and Colonization Brandenburg – Gained independence as a result of a weakened Hapsburg dynasty – Hohenzollern dynasty Frederick William (r. 1713-1740) Autocratic rule – Junkers established autocratic rule in Prussia

8. Absolutism in France Francis I (r. 1515-1547) – Valois rival to HRE Charles V – Instituted taille (direct tax on land a property) – Concordat of Bologna Effectively nationalized the French Church

9. Absolutism in France Henry II (r. 1547-1559) – Persecuted Huguenots Continued under Francis II and Charles IX Ended with Edict of Toleration – Catherine de Medici – regent

10. Absolutism in France Henry of Navarre – Huguenot – Converts and becomes Henry IV (r. 1589-1610) – Edict of Nantes Religious freedom – Reformed tax collection system

11. Absolutism in France Regency of Louis XIII – Cardinal Richelieu Centralized government Encouraged commerce Increased tax base Intendant system – Officials answer only to the king Diminished power of the nobility

12. Absolutism in France Regency of Louis XIV – Cardinal Mazarin War of the Fronde (1650-1652) – Nobility sought to limit the power of the monarch Louis comes of age – “L’Etat, c’est moi.”

13. Absolutism in France Three Estates – Clergy (1%) – Nobility (3-4%) – Bourgeoisie, artisans, urban workers, peasants Extravagance of Versailles – Captive nobility Edict of Nantes revoked

14. Constitutionalism in England Henry VII (r. 1485-1509) – Tudor – Strong central government – Beholden to Parliament

15. Constitutionalism in England Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) Edward VI (r. 1547-1553) – 10 years old, frail health – Regency – Book of Common Prayer

16. Constitutionalism in England Bloody Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558) – Catholic, married to Philip II – Burned Protestants

17. Constitutionalism in England Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) Reestablished the English Reformation Privateers Ordered execution of Mary Stuart Expanded Navy – Sir Francis Drake – Defeated Spanish Armada Golden Age of Literature – Shakespeare, Spenser, Donne, Marlowe, Bacon

18. Constitutionalism in England Stuart Dynasty (1603-1688) – James I (r. 1603-1625) Absolutist – Gunpowder Plot Addled Parliament (1614) – Parliament argued that taxes could only be raised with its consent – James dissolved it

19. Constitutionalism in England Charles I (r. 1625-1649) – Absolutist – Petition of Right (1628) – Bishops’ War (1639-1640) – Long Parliament (1640-1660) Start of the English Civil War

20. English Civil War Roundheads – Middle class, merchants, major cities, small segment of nobility Cavaliers – Anglican clergy, majority of the nobility, peasants

21. English Civil War 1643 – Roundheads ally with Scotland – Charles calls on Irish Catholics for help 1644 – Oliver Cromwell – New Model Army – Battle of Marston Moor

22. English Civil War 1645 – Charles surrenders to Scots 1647 – Charles turned over to Parliament 1648 – Cromwell victorious – Rump Parliament – Charles beheaded

23. English Civil War 1649 – Commonwealth – Irish Question 1653-1660 – Cromwell as Lord Protector Dies in 1658 Son can’t maintain power – Charles II restored

24. Stuart Restoration 1660-1688 Cavalier Parliament (1660-1679) – Tories – nobles, gentry, Anglicans Favored monarchy and Anglicanism – Whigs – middle class and Puritans Favored Parliament and religious toleration Whig Parliament – Suspicious of Charles II’s pro-Catholic tendencies – Passed Habeas Corpus Act

25. Glorious Revolution James II (r. 1685-1688) – Devout Catholic – Very unpopular 1688 – nobles invited William of Orange, husband of James’ oldest daughter, Mary to take the throne English Bill of Rights