1. Jane Austen’s World: Regency, Revolution and Reaction

2. Jane Austen

3. The House of Hanover

5. George III r. 1760-1820 1st Hanoverian king born in England
American colonies lost in his reign
Good family man: 15 children
Highly cultured
1768: founded Royal Academy of Arts
65,000 of his books went to British Museum
Mental derangement, perhaps caused by porphyria, led to Regency under his son (later George IV) in 1811.
George III (reigned ) was determined to appoint his own ministers and reassert some of the Monarch's independence lost under the first two Georges. However, George's accession in 1760 marked a significant change in Royal finances; it was agreed that the whole cost of the Civil List should be provided by Parliament in return for the surrender of hereditary revenues by the king for the duration of his reign. His reign saw the loss of the American colonies in After an uprising in Ireland in 1798, the Act of Union of 1801 linked Ireland and England and dissolved the Irish Parliament; instead Irish representatives went to the Westminster Parliament.
George was a conscientious King and a devoted father and husband; his interest in botany and farming earned him the nickname 'Farmer George'. In 1788 he became mentally deranged, although this may have been due to porphyria, a hereditary physical disorder. George recovered by 1789, but then relapsed, becoming permanently deranged in 1810.
George III, portrait by Johann Zoffany (1733/4-1810) © Royal Collection

6. George III, Queen Charlotte and 6 eldest children

7. Regency England

8. George IV b. 1762, r. 1820-30 Prince Regent 1811-1820
Final victory in Napoleonic Wars at Battle of Waterloo – June 1815
Known for extravagant lifestyle
Illegally married a Catholic widow, Maria Fitzherbert, 1785
Married Caroline of Brunswick, 1795 – disastrous
George II (reigned ), at the age of 60, was the last British sovereign to fight alongside his soldiers, at the Battle of Dettingen in in Germany, against the French. Like his father, for much of his reign George's political options were limited by the strength of the Jacobite cause (James Stuart the Old Pretender, and then his son, Charles Edward Stuart), with which many of the Tories were linked. George's reign was threatened in 1745 when Charles Edward Stuart, the Young Pretender, landed in Scotland. After some initial success (which led to the national anthem in its current form becoming popular among the Hanoverian loyalists), Charles was defeated at the Battle of Culloden in April 1746 and the Jacobite threat was over.
The foundations of the industrial revolution were laid during George's reign, with new levels of production in industries such as coal and shipbuilding and also in agriculture, together with a rapid rise in population. Overseas, trade was boosted by successes such as Clive's victories in India at Arcot (1751) and Plassey (1757), which placed Madras and Bengal under British control, and Wolfe's capture of French-held Quebec in 1759 (part of a successful campaign which transferred Canada with its wealthy trade in fish and fur from French to British rule).
As the country prospered and George's reign lengthened, his early unpopularity (he did not travel far in England, and much preferred Hanover) changed into a general respect. The King's eldest son, Frederick, died in George's grandson therefore inherited the throne, on George's death in 1760

9. Caroline of Brunswick 1768-1821
Queen Consort of George IV – though she was turned away at George IV’s coronation
Married the Prince Regent 1795 – they found each other equally unattractive
One daughter who died in childbirth
Popular with common people

11. Brighton’s Royal Pavilion 1815-1823
Transitional view of the Pavilion, c 1817
East Front of the Pavilion from Views of the Royal Pavilion, by John Nash, 1826
The Royal Pavilion East Front, 1998

12. England in 1819
An old, mad, blind, despised, and dying king, -- Princes, the dregs of their dull race, who flow Through public scorn, -- mud from a muddy spring, -- Rulers who neither see, nor feel, nor know, But leech-like to their fainting country cling, Till they drop, blind in blood, without a blow, -- A people starved and stabbed in the untilled field, -- An army, which liberticide and prey Makes as a two-edged sword to all who wield, -- Golden and sanguine laws which tempt and slay; Religion Christless, Godless -- a book sealed; A Senate, -- Time's worst statute unrepealed, -- Are graves, from which a glorious Phantom may Burst, to illumine our tempestous day Percy Bysshe Shelley

13. A TIME OF REVOLUTIONS

14. A Time of Revolutions Industrial Revolution
American Revolution:
French Revolution:
Napoleonic Wars:

15. Industrial Revolution
Power-driven machinery replaced hand labor
1765: James Watt – the steam engine
Industry moved from homes and workshops to factories
Population moved from agricultural countryside to industrial cities
Enclosure of “commons” into privately owned estates
Laissez faire economic policy – free operation of economic laws –governmental non-interference
1776: Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations

16. American Revolution 1775-1783 Broad intellectual and social shifts
republican ideals: liberty and rights as central values, rejects aristocracy and inherited political power, expects citizens to be independent and calls on them to perform civic duties.
liberal democracy: representative democracy (with free and fair elections) along with the protection of minorities, the rule of law, a separation of powers, and protection of liberties (thus the name liberal) of speech, assembly, religion, and property.
Colonies’ alliance with France
1776: Declaration of Independence
1787: Constitution and Bill of Rights

17. Tom Paine
Quaker
1776: Common Sense: attacked British monarchy and argued for American independence
1791: The Rights of Man: proposed universal male suffrage, progressive taxes, family allowances, old age pensions, maternity grants and abolition of House of Lords
1794: Age of Reason: questioned truth of Old Testament and Christianity
1802: returned to America
Auguste Milliere, Thomas Paine
National Portrait Gallery, London

18. French Revolution and Napoleon 1789-1815
1789: Fall of Bastille and Declaration of the Rights of Man
1792: September Massacres of imprisoned nobility
1793: The Reign of Terror
Execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
France declared war against Britain
1794: Fall of Robespierre
1804: Napoleon crowned Emperor of France
1815: Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo

19. Jean-Pierre Louis Laurent Houel (1735-1813), Prise de la Bastille ("The storm of the Bastille").
The French Revolution

20. Edmund Burke 1729-97 Anglo-Irish statesman and philosopher
: Whig member of House of Commons
Opposed absolute monarchy and supported American colonies against the king
1790: Reflections on the Revolution in France: saw French Revolution as a violent rebellion against tradition which would end in disaster.
Joshua Reynolds, Edmund Burke
Scottish National Portrait Gallery

21. Professional writer, philosopher and feminist
1790: Vindication of the Rights of Men: response to Burke in defense of the ideals of the French Revolution
1792: A Vindication of the Rights of Women
1794: An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution
Mary Wollstonecraft

22. Eugene Delacroix
Liberty Leading the People

23. Official British Reaction to the French Revolution
Curtailment of civil liberties and harsh repression
suspension of the writ of habeus corpus
advocates of political change charged with treason
1791: Rejection of a bill to abolish the slave trade
1793: Declaration of war against France

24. Images of Napoleon By Jacques Louis David 1812: Napoleon in his study
1797:The
Young
General
Images of
Napoleon By
Jacques
Louis
David
1800: Napoleon at St. Bernard
1804: The coronation

25. Napoleonic Wars

26. Jacques Louis David, 1805-07 The coronation of the Emperor Napoleon I

27. The Battle of Trafalgar, 1806
J.M.W. Turner, The Battle of Trafalgar

28. William Sadler, The Battle of Waterloo

29. Women in the Public Sphere

30. Restoration and 18th C. Theatre
Theatres had reopened with restoration of Charles II in 1660
French influence:
Actresses
Heroic couplets
Neoclassical modes:
Social comedies
Heroic tragedies
Comedy of Manners
Witty--language driven
Satirical of social mores
Risque
Marriage and money
18th C. Comedy of Sentiment
Ladies at the opera from Gallery of Fashion (1796).

31. England’s first professional female author: Aphra Behn 1640?-1689
Playwright
The Forced Marriage (1670)
The Amorous Prince (1671)
Abdelazar (1676)
The Rover ( )
The Feign'd Curtezans (1679)
The City Heiress (1682)
The Lucky Chance (1686)
The Lover's Watch (1686)
The Emperor of the Moon (1687)
Lycidus (1688)
Novelist
Venice Preserv'd
The History of the Nun
Love Letters between a Nobleman and his sister (1684)
The Fair Jilt (1688)
Oroonoko (c.1688)
The Unfortunate Happy Lady: A True History
“All women together ought to let flowers fall upon the grave of Aphra Behn, for it was she who earned them the right to speak their minds.” Virginia Woolf

32. Mary Pix 1666-1709 Susanna Centlivre 1669-1723 Eliza Haywood 1693-1756
Charlotte Charke
Hannah More
Elizabeth Inchbald
Painting of the interior of the Drury Lane Theater List of Women Dramatists.

33. Lady Mary Wortley-Montagu
Early Feminists
Mary Astell
Lady Mary Wortley-Montagu
A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, for the Advancement of Their True and Greatest Interest (1694)
Some Reflections on Marriage (1700)
Advocated equal education for women
Questioned the value of marriage for women in a patriarchal society
Poet, prodigious letter writer, world traveller
Advocate for smallpox vaccination
Carried on poetic debate with Alexander Pope
Court Poems, 1716
Letters from Turkey, 1763
Shared Astell’s opinions on education and marriage
Lady Mary's "Town Eclogues" were published in a pirated edition as Court Poems in Of her famous Letters from the East she made a copy shortly after her return to England. She gave the manuscript to Benjamin Sowden, a clergyman of Rotterdam, in After Lady Mary's death this was recovered by the Earl of Bute, but meanwhile an unauthenticated edition, supposed to have been prepared by John Cleland, appeared (1763), and an additional volume, probably spurious, was printed in The rest of the correspondence printed by Lord Wharncliffe in the edition of her letters is edited from originals in the Wortley collection. This edition (1837) contained "Introductory Anecdotes" by Lady Bute's daughter, Lady Louisa Stuart. Lady Mary's journal was preserved by her daughter, Lady Bute, until shortly before her death, when she burnt it on the ground that it contained much scandal and satire, founded probably on insufficient evidence, about many distinguished persons.

34. Sitters:
Elizabeth Carter ( ), Scholar, writer; Anna Letitia Barbauld (née Aikin) ( ), Poet and writer; Angelica Kauffmann ( ), Painter; Elizabeth Ann Sheridan ( ), Singer; first wife of Richard Brinsley Sheridan.. Catharine Macaulay ( ), Historian; Elizabeth Montagu ( ), Writer and leader of society; Hannah More ( ), Educator, dramatist, moralist, poet Elizabeth Griffith (1720?-1793), Playwright and novelist; Charlotte Lennox ( ), Novelist, woman of letters
The Nine Living Muses of Great Britain: portraits in the characters of the Muses in the Temple of Apollo by Richard Samuel, 1778 National Portrait Gallery

35. Popular 18th Century Authors
Anna Letitia Barbauld
Popular 18th Century Authors
Charlotte Smith
Maria Edgeworth
Mary Robinson portrait by
Gainsborough
Joanna Baillie

36. Professional writer, philosopher and feminist
Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (1787)
1788: Mary: A Fiction
1792: A Vindication of the Rights of Women
1796: Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark
1797: married William Godwin
Died of childbirth fever – gave birth to Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin (Shelley)
1798: posthumous publication of unfinished novel, Maria or The Wrongs of Woman
Mary Wollstonecraft

37. Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Women, 1792
Advocated equal education, egalitarian marriage, and full citizenship for women
Primary Importance of Education: “As a proof that education gives this appearance of weakness to females, we may instance the example of military men, who are, like them, sent into the world before their minds have been stored with knowledge or fortified by principles. The consequences are similar; soldiers acquire a little superficial knowledge, snatched from the muddy current of conversation, and, from continually mixing with society, they gain, what is termed a knowledge of the world; and this acquaintance with manners and customs has frequently been confounded with a knowledge of the human heart. But can the crude fruit of casual observation deserve such a distinction? Soldiers, as well as women, practice the minor virtues with punctilious politeness. Where is then the sexual difference, when the education has been the same? ”

38. The “Wollstonecraft Scandal”
1789: William Godwin published Memoirs of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman and Wollstonecraft’s Letters to Imlay after Wollstonecraft’s death
Revealed Mary Wollstonecraft’s affair with Gilbert Imlay, her suicide attempts, and her rejection of Christianity
Ruined her reputation for decades: “Wollstonecraft was now branded as a whore and an atheist, and other women who dared to show sympathy with her ideas could not expect to escape calumny.” – Margaret Kirkham, Jane Austen, Feminism and Fiction

39. Popular Contemporary Novelists
Ann Radcliffe,
Fanny Burney, Madame d’Arblay

40. Jane Austen and the Novel of Manners
Novels dominated by the customs, manners, conventional behavior and habits of a particular social class
Often concerned with courtship and marriage
Realistic and sometimes satiric
Focus on domestic society rather than the larger world
Other novelists of manners: Anthony Trollope, Edith Wharton, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Margaret Drabble

42. “Improved” by Mr. Andrews, 1869
Jane Austen by Cassandra Austen, c. 1810
“Improved” by Mr. Andrews, 1869

43. The Austen Family

44. The Leighs

45. The Austens
= 2) Susannah Kelk

46. Eliza Hancock de Feuillide Austen
An important friendship throughout Jane Austen’s life was with her cousin, Eliza, daughter of her mother’s sister Philadelphia. Eliza and Jane first met when Jane was eleven; at 25, Eliza was much older than Jane and fascinating to her from the first. When Eliza stayed at Steventon she was an eager participant in the Austen theatricals and Jane Austen, at 14, dedicated Love and Freindship to her. Born in India in 1761, Eliza had lived as a child and young girl in both London and abroad, then had married a Frenchman, the Comte Jean Francois Capot de Feuillide, with whom she had one son, her only child. In 1786 she had returned from France to England so that her child, whom she named Hastings, after her parents’ friend and sometime benefactor, Warren Hastings, would be born on English soil. Eliza’s husband was guillotined in 1794 and she was subsequently courted by Jane Austen’s oldest brother James, after his wife died, and then by Henry, ten years her junior. Henry and Eliza had had an on again/off again flirtation for years and she refused him once, but they were eventually married, in They had no children, and Eliza herself died before Jane Austen, in 1813, probably of breast cancer, which had killed her mother Philadelphia some years before. Henry lived on till 1850.
unknown
c. 1780

47. KNIGHT Banker Admiral Novelist Admiral
Rev. George AUSTEN = Cassandra LEIGH ( ) ( ) Rector of Steventon
Rev.James m. George Edward m. Rev.Henry m. Cassandra Sir Francis m. Jane Charles m.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
KNIGHT Banker Admiral Novelist Admiral
1)Anne 2)Mary Elizabeth Eliza )Mary 2) Martha Fanny
Matthew Lloyd Bridges de Feuillide Gibson Lloyd Palmer
Anna James Caroline Fanny + 11sibs Catherine +10sibs Cassandra Harriet Fanny
m. Ben Edward AUSTEN m. Sir m. John “Cassie”
LEFROY AUSTEN Edward HUBBACK
LEIGH KNATCHBULL

48. Jane Austen Novels Sense and Sensibility (pub. 1811)
Pride and Prejudice (1813)
Mansfield Park (1814)
Emma (1816)
Persuasion (1818) posthumous pub.
Northanger Abbey (1818) posthumous pub.
Died July 18, 1817
Born December 16, 1775
Juvenilia
“The Three Sisters”
“Love and Freindship” [sic]
“The History of England”
“Catharine, or the Bower”
“The Beautifull Cassandra” [sic]
Shorter works
Lady Susan (novella)
The Watsons (inc. novel)
Sanditon (inc. novel)

49. Jane Austen at 14?
The Rice Portrait of Jane Austen by English society artist Ozias Humphry in an image released by Christie's on March 23, 2007.
Failed to sell at auction on April 19, 2007 (minimum price $400,000)
'The Rice Portrait of Jane Austen' by English society artist Ozias Humphry in an image released by Christie's on March 23, The painting, which measures about five feet tall and three feet wide and widely believed to be the only known painting of Jane Austen, will be auctioned in New York in April by Christie's, a relation of the English author and owner of the picture said. (Christie's/Handout/Reuters)
But Henry Rice, a "sixth generation descendant" of the writer of classics such as "Emma," "Sense and Sensibility" and "Pride and Prejudice," believes the sale of a picture that has divided experts will not be without controversy.
In 1948, a leading Austen scholar dismissed the authenticity of the portrait, saying the style of costume the subject wears does not match the date.
Rice and his family never doubted the lively girl wearing a long white dress and carrying a parasol was their ancestor. The painting is thought to have been made in 1788 or 1789 when Austen would have been about 14.
So he had the painting examined by a number of academics, including Austen scholar Professor Claudia Johnson at Princeton University in the United States, and they supported the original attribution and subject matter.

50. James Austen’s family

51. Att. to Emma Austen-Leigh
Anna Austen Lefroy
Att. to Emma Austen-Leigh
James Austen
James Edward Austen

52. Edward Austen Knight’s family

53. Rev. George Austen presenting his son Edward to Mr. and Mrs
Rev. George Austen presenting his son Edward to Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Knight (From a contemporary silhouette in the possession of the late Montagu Knight, Esq.)

54. Edward Austen Knight Fanny Knight
At the time of his Grand Tour by Cassandra Austen

55. Sir Francis Austen’s family

56. Francis “Frank” or “Fly” Austen Sir Francis Austen
The Naval Brothers
Francis “Frank” or “Fly” Austen Sir Francis Austen
Admiral of the Fleet
Charles Austen
Rear Admiral

57. Cassandra Austen “If Cassandra were going to have her head cut off, Jane would insist on sharing her fate.” Mrs. Austen
Possible portrait of Cassandra Silhouette of Cassandra

58. Great Britain in the Regency Era Austen Country

59. Austen Rectory at Steventon 1775-1801
Steventon Church

60. Setting for Northanger Abbey (1803) and Persuasion (1817)
Bath
Setting for Northanger Abbey (1803) and Persuasion (1817)

62. Southampton
The 18th Century saw a complete change in Southampton's fortunes with the discovery of health giving chaleybeate springs. These, the presence of sea water for healthy bathing and the patronage of the Royal House of Hanover led to Southampton becoming a Spa Town, the Dolphin and Star Hotels in the High Street recalling the busy days of coaches and horses.
The great friend of Dr Johnson, Bennet Langton, died in Southampton and is buried in St Michael's Church where a tablet to his memory may be seen on the inner south wall. Jane Austen, the author of books including Pride and Prejudice, lived in Southampton with her sister Cassandra and their mother between 1806 and Although their house no longer stands, the Dolphin Hotel - where Jane and Cassandra attended Winter Balls - can be seen and much that is in the Old Town would have been familiar to the Austens.

63. Chawton Cottage

65. London
Shopping: Harding, Howell & Co., a draper’s shop in Pall Mall,
Although programmes could be very long, Jane Austen took the opportunity whenever in London to attend the theatre. In April 1811 she was looking forward to seeing Sarah Siddons, then nearing the end of her acting career, as Constance in King John, but at the last moment, to Jane’s disappointment, there was a change of plan when Covent Garden substituted Hamlet as the evening’s entertainment. On consulting with Henry, it was decided that they should change their plans and go to the theatre two nights later to see Mrs Siddons as Lady Macbeth, her most famous role; however, they were again disappointed as she did not appear that evening either.
In March 1814 on another visit to Covent Garden she saw the play The Devil to Pay with Dorothea Jordan. Mrs Jordan was then coming to the end of a highly successful career on the London stage that had lasted nearly 30 years. As well as being a great actress Mrs Jordan was greatly admired by the Duke of Clarence (later William IV) to whom she had ten children.
Covent Garden Theatre

66. Eliza Hancock de Feuillide Austen
Henry Austen’s family
Periodcal published by James and Henry: The Loiterer, 1789
Henry Austen
Eliza Hancock de Feuillide Austen

67. BY HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS'S PERMISSION, MOST REPECTFULLY DEDICATED,
                          TO
HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS
THE PRINCE REGENT,
THIS WORK IS,
BY HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS'S PERMISSION,
MOST REPECTFULLY DEDICATED,
BY HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS'S
DUTIFUL
AND OBEDIENT
HUMBLE SERVANT,
THE AUTHOR
After the publication of Emma dedicated to the Prince Regent there was an amusing correspondence between Jane Eyre and James Stanier Clark appointed by the Prince Regent to be Chaplain and Private English Secretary to the Prince of Coburg.
Clark ends his letter of 27 March 1816:
"Perhaps when you again appear in print you may chuse (sic) to dedicate your volumes to Prince Leopold: any historical romance, illustrative of the august House of Coburg, would just now be very interesting."
To which, Jane Austen neatly replied on 1 April 1816:
" ... You are very kind in your hints as to the sort of composition which might recommend me at present, and I am fully sensible that an historical romance, founded on the House of Saxe Coburg, might be much more to the purpose of profit or popularity than such pictures of domestic life in country villages as I deal in. But I could not more write a romance than an epic poem. I could not sit seriously down to write a serious romance under and other motive than to save my life; and if it were indispensible for me to keep it up and never relax into laughing at myself or other people, I am sure I should be hung before I had finished the first chapter. No, I must keep to my own style and go on in my own way; and though I may never succeed again in that, I am convinced that I should totally fail in any other."
The Amiable Jane by James Stanier Clarke, 1815

68. Winchester, 1817

69. Austen’s Will from the UK National Archives: http://www

70. Gentlemen's Quarterly, August 1817.

71. Jane Austen’s grave in Winchester Cathedral
In Memory of JANE AUSTEN, youngest daughter of the late Revd GEORGE AUSTEN, formerly Rector of Steventon in this County. She departed this Life on the 18th of July 1817, aged 41, after a long illness supported with the patience and the hopes of a Christian. The benevolence of her heart, the sweetness of her temper, and the extraordinary endowments of her mind obtained the regard of all who knew her and the warmest love of her intimate connections. Their grief is in proportion to their affection, they know their loss to be irreparable, but in their deepest affliction they are consoled by a firm though humble hope that her charity, devotion, faith and purity have rendered her soul acceptable in the sight of her REDEEMER.
A brass tablet was added at a later date. Jane Austen. Known to many by her writings, endeared to her family by the varied charms of her character and ennobled by her Christian faith and piety was born at Steventon in the County of Hants, December and buried in the Cathedral July "She openeth her mouth with wisdom and in her tongue is the law of kindness".

72. Winchester Cathedral

73. Online Sources
Jane Austen Information Page:
The American Society of Jane Austen Scholars
Jane Austen Society of Australia:
Jane Austen: The Victorian Web:
Fashion Era: Regency Taste:
Regency England Cartoons:
Life in Regency England:
Jane Austen and Representations of Regency England: