1. Phonetics… Sound Principles
Chapter 3

2. Clicker Test
I am ready for class to begin

3. By the End of this Unit…
You will be able to transcribe this:

4. Audio Ambiguity I scream ~ Ice Cream Grade A The sun’s rays meet
It’s hard to recognize speech

5. Sound Safari – I Find ‘audio-ambiguity’ in the lyrics of a song.
me with:
the title
the lyrics with the ambiguity highlighted
what the words sound like to you
what the words really are
a sound file (if possible)
Choose I or II, or both for 1.5 total points…

6. Identical, but distinct
Write
‘rite’
‘rait’
Boiling Springs
Bowlin’ Spraings
Others?

7. How many ways can we spell the “long e” ([i]) sound?
Whaddya Think?
How many ways can we spell the “long e” ([i]) sound? 1 3 5 7

8. Speech vs. Orthography
Did he believe Caesar could see the people seize the seas?
Red
Green
Blue
You Tell Me:
The silly amoeba stole the key to the machine
(identify the [i]’s)

9. Name One (at least) of… The 4 ways [f] is spelled…
The 6 ways “a” is pronounced
Multiple letters making only one sound
<gh> in “enough”
Find another…

10. Why so Many Discrepancies?
Developmental influences
Old system
Global language
Phonological changes (next chapter)
Variation in speech & writing

11. Whaddya Think?
The USA mandate a spelling system with a “one for one” correspondence between spoken & written words

12. Phonetics Defined
The branch of linguistics that studies the inventory and structure of the sounds of speech

13. Which of the following is NOT a branch of Phonetics ?
Have U Read Yet…?
Which of the following is NOT a branch of Phonetics ?
Acoustic (how sounds are heard)
Articulatory (how sounds are made)
Computational (how sounds are digitized)
All are branches of Phonetics

14. IPA Familiarize yourself
Charts inside the covers of the textbook front (vowels) & back (consonants)
Focus on American English sounds…

15. Which of the following will you need to do with IPA symbols?
Looking Ahead…
Which of the following will you need to do with IPA symbols?
Produce each sound
Identify sounds from description
Provide description of sounds
Transcribe words
All of the above

16. …before we move on? (…breathe, stretch, move around…)
Any Questions…
…before we move on?
(…breathe, stretch, move around…)

17. Phonetic Safari
Using the words below, the illustration on page 82, and a mirror (if possible), identify where the consonant sounds in the words below are produced.
fee gee key knee
lee me pea see
she tea thee wee ye
2 lips top lip/ teeth/ hard smooth soft btm teeth tongue ridge slope spot
Where?
 

18. Also “he”…
Phonetic Safari
2 lips top lip/ teeth/ hard smooth soft btm teeth tongue ridge slope spot
pea tea key
fee thee see she
gee
me knee
lee
ye wee
Transcribe each word… The vowel for each is [i]
What other words can you find for each ‘place of articulation’?

19. Place of Articulation
Bilabial (two lips together)
Labiodental (teeth meet lips)
Interdental (tongue between teeth)
Alveolar (tongue on Alv. Ridge)
Alveolarpalatal (tongue btn A.R. & palate)
Velar (back of tongue on velum)
Glotttal (epiglottis stops air flow)
What are these? (try it without the chart first…)

20. Vocal Tract (for SAE sounds):
Nasal Cavity (nasal)
Soft Palate (Velum) (velar)
Epiglottis (glottal)
Vocal cords (voicing)
Tongue – Back (vowels)
Tongue – Front (vowels)
Tongue – Tip (vowels)
Teeth (dental)
Lips (labi-)
Alveolar Ridge (alveo-)
Hard Palate (palatal) A B K J I G F E H C D
Be ready to identify these areas and talk about what sounds they produce.

21. Where Do We Articulate:
thine
wine
pine
vine
tine
dine
fine
What’s the difference
between “tine” & “dine”
Between “vine” & “fine”

22. Voiced or Voiceless? What other words can you find where voiced &
makes a
difference
in meaning?
Voiced or Voiceless?
Put your hands over your ears OR on your larynx:
[s] bus sip
[z] buzz zip
thin tooth
these bathe
Except for ‘Approximates’, on the chart the 1st line = voiceless, 2nd line = voiced

23. IPA Familiarize yourself Be able to:
Charts inside the covers of the textbook front (vowels) & back (consonants)
Be able to:
Produce each sound
Identify sounds from description
Provide description of sounds
Transcribe words

24. Fill in the IPA Symbols…
She sees oranges and apples

25. What’s the difference? Pronounce each of the following [p] & [t]
[t] & [k]
[k] & [g]
[ f ] & [ h ]
[ l ] & [ j ]

26. Consonants (inside the back cover)
Manners of Articulation
Places of Articulation
Chart follows the mouth – front to back…
Approximates

27. Manner of Articulation
Stop (stops air flow)
Nasal (air  into nasal cavity)
Fricative (air barely escapes)
Affricate (stop + fricative)
Approximate (almost a vowel…)
What are these? (try it without the chart first…)
Find words for each…

28. Get Some Exercise Find Place & Manner for
What’re the IPA symbols for these sounds:
Voiced interdental fricative
Glottal fricative
Voiceless alveopalatal affricate
High front tense vowel
How can the following sounds be categorized?

29. …before we move on? (…breathe, stretch, move around…)
Any Questions…
…before we move on?
(…breathe, stretch, move around…)

30. Vowel Matters Try it yourself: Say “key” then “caw”
Try not to move your tongue…
Does it sound normal?

31. Vowels
Tongue
Lips
Nasalization
Diphthongs

32. Vowel Chart

33. Challenge: Transcribe the whole word for one column or both…
Do It Together
Based on someone’s pronunciation, transcribe the vowels in these words. Which pairs have the same vowel?
back [ ] sat [ ]
cot [ ] caught [ ]
ooze [ ] deuce [ ] mouse [ ] cow [ ]
hide [ ] height [ ]
Challenge: Transcribe the whole word for one column or both…

34. Transcription Practice
Using the charts in your textbook, transcribe your name & the name of a person next to you….

35. Small Group Practice As a group, transcribe these words.
play chance dread crazy shout bath just yes ring bridge five toy mast then taste

36. Sample Transcription
Simplified from:

37. Now You Try It

38. For your Transcription
Select 1 minute of speech from:
Use the Charts
See also:
Here’s another site that helps you visualize making sounds,
but beware, ‘Sammy’ covers symbols we don’t…

39. …before we move on? (…breathe, stretch, move around…)
Any Questions…
…before we move on?
(…breathe, stretch, move around…)

40. Suprasegmentals (prosodic features)
Length Ooooouuuuch!
Pitch “e” … vs. Eeeek!
Loudness ‘Hi’ vs. HI!
Stress She said what?
Tone Mom vs. (aww) Môm

41. Representing Sounds
Transcription
Syllables
Segments
Features

42. Get Some Exercise Transcription: Segments Syllables Features
“I scream for ice cream”
Segments
How many in “I scream for ice cream”?
Syllables
Features
What are the features of [s], [m], and [i]?

43. Kinds of Sound Change Assimilation (become more alike)
Nasalization
Voicing
Flapping
Dissimilation (become less alike)
Metathesis (shift sounds around)
Epenthesis // Intrusion (add a sound)
Other
Elision // Deletion (take a sound away)
Vowel Reduction (shorten or ‘schwa’ a sound)
The book does a great job of discussing the kinds of sound change. Look at these sections in the text again and try to guess at one or more examples where these types of changes have taken place in English. Bring your findings to Chat or Discussion.
One additional note… The first four types of change listed here fall under the “ease of articulation” category which is one cause for sound change as we will see on the next slide.

44. Kinds of Sound Change
The book does a great job of discussing the kinds of sound change. Look at these sections in the text again and try to guess at one or more examples where these types of changes have taken place in English. Bring your findings to Chat or Discussion.
One additional note… The first four types of change listed here fall under the “ease of articulation” category which is one cause for sound change as we will see on the next slide.

45. If You Were in Charge… Revisited
…would you implement a spelling system with a “one for one” correspondence between spoken & written words?
Why or Why Not?

46. For Fun… How to Pronounce GHOTI

47. Keep working on your transcription
Exercises
Be aware of these:
3-1,2,3,4,5,7,10
Spend time on these
3-11,12,13
Read Chapter 4
Keep working on your transcription