2. Hello, Everyone!

3. Review questions  Give examples to show the following features that make human language different from animal communication system:  1. Arbitrariness  2. Productivity  3. Duality  4. Displacement  5. Cultural transmission

4. Chapter 2 Phonology

5. 2.1 The Phonic Medium of Language

6. Questions  1. What’s the phonic medium of language?  2. What are speech sounds?

7. The Phonic Medium of Language  1. The phonic medium of language refers to the limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication.  2. Speech sounds refers to the individual sounds which the phonic medium of language.

8. 2.2 Phonetics  Questions:  What’s phonetics?

9. 1. Branches of phonetics  Speech Speech  Production Perception  (speaker A) (speaker B) A three-step process of speech sounds Articulatory phonetics: the study of the production of speech sounds Acoustic phonetics: the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech Auditory phonetics: the study of the perception of speech sounds

10. 2. What’s phonetics: A re- definition  Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies speech sounds with regard to their articulation, physical properties, and perception.

11. 2.2.2 Organs of speech

12. 1. The respiratory tract

13. 2. Organs of speech  A. The pharyngeal cavity:  13 windpipe, 12 glottis/vocal cords, 11 pharyngeal cavity  B. The oral cavity:  1/2 lips, 3/4 teeth, 5 teeth ridge(alveolus), 6 hard palate,7 soft palate (velum), 14 uvula, 8 tip of tongue, 9 blade of tongue, 10 back of tongue  C. Nasal cavity: 15 14 15

14. 2.2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds  1. IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet):  A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The present one mainly derives from one developed in the 19202 by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones (1881-1967), revised in 1993, corrected (updated) in 1996.

15. Broad and Narrow Transcription  1. Diacritics （发音符号 / 辨音符） : the set of symbols in IPA, which are added to the letter-symbols to bring out finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.  Leaf [li:f], feel [fi:ł]; pit [p h it], spit [spit]

16. Broad and Narrow Transcription  2. Broad transcription （宽式音标）：  The transcription of sounds with letter-symbols only. / _ /  3. Narrow transcription （严式音标） :  The transcription of sounds with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. [ _ ]

17. 2.2.4 Classification of English Speech sounds  A dichotomy of English speech sounds:  1. Vowels: Speech sounds which are produced with no obstruction whatsoever of the vocal tract, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.  2. Consonants: Speech sounds which are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.

18. 2.2.4.1 Classification of English consonants  1. In terms of manner of articulation:  A. stops/plosives: [p][b][t][d][k][g]  B. fricatives:[f, v, s, z, +, +, +, +, h]  C. affricates: [+, +]  D. liquids: lateral [l], retroflex [r]  E. nasals: [m, n, ŋ]  F. glides/semivowels: [w, j]

19. Classification of English consonants  2. In term of place of articulation:  A. bilabial: [p, b, m, w]  B. labiodental: [f, v]  C. dental: [θ, +]  D. alveolar: [t, d, s, z, n, l, r]  E. palatal: [+, +, +, +, j]  F. velar: [k, g, ŋ]  G. glottal: [h]

20. Classification of English consonants  3. In terms of the state of the vocal cords:  A. voiced: consonants produced when the vocal cords are closed, and the air- stream causes them to vibrate again each other.  B. voiceless: consonants produced when vocal cords are apart, and air passes through easily.

21. Classification of English consonants  Turn to P.20, classify the consonants as voiced or voiceless:  A. VD:  B. VL:

22. Classification of English vowels  A dichotomy  1. Monophthongs: individual vowels  2. Diphthongs: vowels which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.  [ei, ai, au, əu, +, iə, eə, uə]

23. Classification of English monophthongs  1. In terms of the position of the tongue  A. fornt:  B. central:  C. back:

24. Classification of English monophthongs  2. In terms of the openness of the mouth  A. close:  B. semi-close:  C. semi-open:  D. open:

25. Classification of English monophthongs  3. In terms of the shape of the lips  A. unrounded: all the front vowels, central vowels, and [a:].  B. rounded: all the back vowels except [a:].

26. Classification of English monophthongs  4. In terms of the length  A. short:  B. long:  5. In terms of the state of the larynx  A. tense: all the long vowels  B. lax: all the short vowels

27. Homework  1. P. 31: 2-5 (oral)  2. P.31: 6 (written)  3. 2.3