1. THE RESTORATION 1660-1685 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 1700-1798
Picture: The Rotunda at Ranelagh as painted by Canaletto in
“The Ranelagh Rotunda” by Antonio Canale (Canaletto). The Rotunda was built for concerts and festivities by the Earl of Ranelagh. Its opulence fitted the life-style of an eighteenth century lord. (Miller et al 331)

2. Related and Alternative Designations
Neoclassical Period
Age of Reason
Age of Rationalism
Age of Enlightenment
The Augustan Age
The terminology Enlightenment or Age of Enlightenment does not represent a single movement or school of thought, for these philosophies were often mutually contradictory or divergent. The Enlightenment was less a set of ideas than it was a set of attitudes. At its core was a critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals. Some classifications of this period also include the late 17th century, which is typically known as the Age of Reason or Age of Rationalism.

3. 1660-1785: The Eighteenth Century: The Neoclassical Period
: The Restoration
: The Augustan Age
(or Age of Pope)
: The Age of Sensibility
(or Age of Johnson)

4. Rulers Historical Events Literary Events
CHRONOLOGY
Rulers
Historical Events
Literary Events

5. William (1689-1702) and Mary (1689-94)
CHRONOLOGY
Ruler
Historical Events
Literary Events
1600
Charles II ( )
Restoration ( )
Samuel Pepys
( ):
The Diary (1660)
John Dryden
Jonathan Swift. ( )
James II ( )
William ( ) and Mary ( )
The Restoration (Gottlieb 2000)

6. CHRONOLOGY
Ruler
Historical Events
Literary Events
1700
Anne ( )
: The Augustan Age (or Age of Pope)
Newton’s Opticks (1704)
George I ( )
Rape of the Lock (1714)
Gulliver’s Travels (1726)
George II ( )
: The Age of Sensibility (or Age of Johnson)
Johnson’s Dictionary (1755)
George III ( )
American Declaration of Independence (1776)
First Australian colonies

7. Augustan Literary Epoch
18TH CENTURY BACKGROUND
Age of Reason
Age of Rationalism
Age of Enlightenment
Augustan Literary Epoch
Neoclassical Period

8. AGE OF REASON NEW ENLIGHTENMENT: Science
NEWTON

9. AGE OF REASON NEW ENLIGHTENMENT: Philosophy
LOCKE

10. AGE OF REASON SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY:
An age increasingly dominated by empiricism
Natural laws and discoverable
Natural laws could be used by men for understanding and regulation
Newton and Locked revived the old belief that natural laws of the universe were discoverable and could be used by men for the better understanding and regulation of their lives.
In philosophy, it was an age increasingly dominated by empiricism : The Augustan Age AUGUSTAN LITERATURE: PHILOSOPHY

11. 1700-1745: The Augustan Age AUGUSTAN LITERATURE
“Augustan” derives from George I wishing to be seen as Augustus Caesar
"Augustan" derives from George I wishing to be seen as Augustus Caesar. Alexander Pope, who had been imitating Horace, wrote an Epistle to Augustus that was to George II and seemingly endorsed the notion of his age being like that of Augustus, when poetry became more mannered, political and satirical than in the era of Julius Caesar (Thornton 275).
Augustus (Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS;[note 1] September 23, 63 BC – August 19, AD 14), born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was adopted by his great-uncle Julius Caesar in 44 BC, and was thenceforth known as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Latin: GAIVS·IVLIVS·CAESAR·OCTAVIANVS).

12. George I Augustus Caesar

13. Alexander Pope: Epistle to Augustus
The Age of George was like that of Augustus, when poetry became more mannered, political and satirical
Alexander Pope, who had been imitating Horace, wrote an Epistle to Augustus that was to George II and seemingly endorsed the notion of his age being like that of Augustus, when poetry became more mannered, political and satirical than in the era of Julius Caesar (Thornton 275).
Alexander Pope May 1688 – 30 May 1744) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century,[1] best known for his satirical verse and for his translation of Homer. He is the third most frequently quoted writer in the English language, after Shakespeare and Tennyson.[2] Pope was a master of the heroic couplet.

14. Alexander Pope Horace http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace
Quintus Horatius Flaccus, (Venosa, December 8, 65 BC - Rome, November 27, 8 BC), known in the English-speaking world as Horace, was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus. Works: Odes (or Carmina); Epodes; Satires; Letters or Epistles; Carmen Saeculare .

15. 1700-1745: The Augustan Age AUGUSTAN LITERATURE
Also Augustan Poetry
"Augustan" derives from George I wishing to be seen as Augustus Caesar
Alexander Pope, imitating Horace, wrote an Epistle to Augustus:
Age of George like of Augustus, when poetry became more mannered, political and satirical
"Augustan" derives from George I wishing to be seen as Augustus Caesar. Alexander Pope, who had been imitating Horace, wrote an Epistle to Augustus that was to George II and seemingly endorsed the notion of his age being like that of Augustus, when poetry became more mannered, political and satirical than in the era of Julius Caesar (Thornton 275).

16. 1700-1745: The Augustan Age AUGUSTAN LITERATURE
Augustan literature is a style of English literature produced during the reigns of Queen Anne, King George I, and George II in the first half of the 18th century, ending in the 1740s with the deaths of Pope and Swift (1744 and 1745, respectively).

17. 1700-1745: The Augustan Age AUGUSTAN LITERATURE: Genres
NOVEL: Rapid development of the novel
SATIRE: Explosion in satire
MELODRAMA: Mutation of drama from political satire into melodrama
POETRY: Evolution toward poetry of personal exploration.
It is a literary epoch that featured the rapid development of the novel, an explosion in satire, the mutation of drama from political satire into melodrama, and an evolution toward poetry of personal exploration

18. 1700-1745: The Augustan Age Political-economy
In the writings of political-economy it marked
the evolution of mercantilism
(as a formal philosophy),
the development of capitalism, and
the triumph of trade.

19. SOCIO-POLITICAL CHARACTERISTICS
PASSION FOR ORDER : vs
THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CHAOS
OF THE PRECEDING CENTURY
Passion for order as a reaction against the social and political chaos of the preceding century

20. Social characteristics
On the whole, the Augustan Age gives the impression of assured
elegance and
refinement,
decorous social behavior, and
propriety,
grace, and certain
rigidity in the arts.
On the whole, the Augustan Age gives the impression of assured elegance and refinement, decorous social behavior, and propriety, grace, and certain rigidity in the arts. But beneath the puffery or wigs and beribboned silks, beneath the restrained and witty conversation, there remained a very human zest for living – at times even a touch of boorishness. There was also a pronounced uneasiness about he supposedly settled state of things. .(Miller et al 331)

22. Social characteristics
But beneath the puffery or wigs and beribboned silks, beneath the restrained and witty conversation, there remained
a very human zest for living – at times even a touch of boorishness. There was also
a pronounced uneasiness about the supposedly settled state of things.
On the whole, the Augustan Age gives the impression of assured elegance and refinement, decorous social behavior, and propriety, grace, and certain rigidity in the arts. But beneath the puffery or wigs and beribboned silks, beneath the restrained and witty conversation, there remained a very human zest for living – at times even a touch of boorishness. There was also a pronounced uneasiness about he supposedly settled state of things. .(Miller et al 331)

23. ‘Whigs’

24. 18th Century Contrasts

25. Instability evident in contrasts
the beaux and belles
were carried in their coaches or brocaded sedan chairs for an evening’s entertainment,
the poor
lived with filth and stench and wondered what they would eat next day.
This subsurface of instability is evident in the contrasts of the age. While the beaux and belles were carried in their coaches or brocaded sedan chairs for an evening’s entertainment, the poor lived with filth and stench and wondered what they would eat next day? (Miller et al 331)

26. the beaux and belles were carried in their brocaded sedan chairs

27. The Poor (1700-1800) Epidemics, Migration and Discovery
The 18th Century saw a growth in industrialization that brought more and more people to cities in search of work, While this led to overcrowding, poor sanitation and subsequent epidemics, there was a growing recognition of the nature of disease. There were two prevailing views of the causes of epidemics – Miasmic and Contagion. Both have public health implications.
Miasmic: This theory held that epidemics stemmed from certain atmospheric conditions and from miasmas rising from organic materials.
Contagion: This theory held that epidemics resulted from transmission of germs.

28. Epidemics, Migration and Discovery
The 18th Century saw a growth in
industrialization
that brought more and more people to cities in search of work.

29. Epidemics, Migration and Discovery
While this led to
overcrowding,
poor sanitation and
subsequent epidemics,
there was a growing recognition of the nature of disease.

30. Epidemics, Migration and Discovery
There were two prevailing views of the causes of epidemics:
Miasmic and Contagion.
Both have public health implications.

31. Miasmic:
This theory held that epidemics stemmed from certain atmospheric conditions and from miasmas rising from organic materials.

32. Contagion:
This theory held that epidemics resulted from transmission of germs.

33. Contrasts of the 18th Century
The contrasts extended to the lofty figures of the age as well,

34. Dr. Johnson – Deep personal struggles
His own writings and the reports of Boswell and others, indicates that this great man of letters who had such a sure touch and such apparently set opinions was actually tortured by deep personal struggles
The portrait of Dr. Johnson which comes to us, both through his own writings and the reports of Boswell and others, indicates that this great man of letters who had such a sure touch and such apparently set opinions was actually tortured by deep personal struggles

35. Swift betrays disgust in reason
The Satire of Dean Swift betrays disgust in reason, human nature, and social progress
Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish[1] satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for Whigs then for the Tories), poet and cleric who became Dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin.
He is remembered for works such as Gulliver's Travels, A Modest Proposal, A Journal to Stella, Drapier's Letters, The Battle of the Books, An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity, and A Tale of a Tub. Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language, and is less well known for his poetry.

36. First Edition of Gulliver's Travels

37. Mural depicting Gulliver surrounded by citizens of Lilliput.
On his first voyage, Gulliver is washed ashore after a shipwreck and awakes to find himself a prisoner of a race of people one-twelfth the size of normal human beings (6 inches/15cm tall), who are inhabitants of the neighbouring and rival countries of Lilliput and Blefuscu. After giving assurances of his good behaviour, he is given a residence in Lilliput and becomes a favourite of the court. From there, the book follows Gulliver's observations on the Court of Lilliput, which is intended to satirize the court of George I (King of Great Britain at the time of the writing of the Travels). Gulliver assists the Lilliputians to subdue their neighbours the Blefuscudians (by stealing their fleet). However, he refuses to reduce the country to a province of Lilliput, displeasing the King and the court. Gulliver is charged with treason and sentenced to be blinded. With the assistance of a kind friend, Gulliver escapes to Blefuscu, where he spots and retrieves an abandoned boat and sails out to be rescued by a passing ship which takes him back home. The feuding between the Lilliputians and the Blefuscudians is meant to represent the feuding countries of England and France, but the reason for the war is meant to satirize the feud between Catholics and Protestants, over issues that Swift may have found trivial.

41. Pope and Addison - Satire
Even the lighter satire of Pope and Addison hints at some misgivings about the settled nature of things and the ideals of reasonable human behavior.

42. The frontiers of the British Empire were extended
There was an energetic restlessness in the age which pushed at established limits. The frontiers of the British Empire were extended deeper into America, Africa, and Asia.

44. London – Urban Center of Trade
London was growing into an ever greater urban center of trade, its creative and commercial life focusing on the smoky din of its coffee houses where merchants, lawyers, writers, brokers, and men of affairs, as well as the “pretty fellows” of fashion, gathered to bargain, argue, swear (with restraint, of course) laugh, gossip, and read the latest poem, pamphlet, or journal.

45. 18th Century London

46. Party Politics and Power
The eighteenth century was also a time of earnest party politics and shifting centers of political power. During the early years of the century the middle class, which had already begun to merge with the landed gentry, through intermarriage and common concerns for wealth and property, moved into a position of political dominance.

47. Party Politics and Power
Representative of this enlarged and newly powerful group was the Whig party which gained great power in Parliament. When Queen Anne, the last of the Stuart monarchs, died without an heir in 1714, the Whigs threw the Tory, or conservative party out of office and granted the royal succession to Anne’s cousins from the small German kingdom of Hanover.

48. Anne of Great Britain c. 1683 Reign8 March 1702 – 1 August 1714
Predecessor William III & II
Successor George I
Spouse Prince George of Denmark
Died1 August 1714 (aged 49) Kensington Palace, London
Burial Westminster Abbey, London
Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714) became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702, succeeding William III of England and II of Scotland. Her Roman Catholic father, James II and VII, was forcibly deposed in 1688/9; her brother-in-law and her sister then became joint monarchs as William III & II and Mary II, the only such case in British history. After Mary's death in 1694, William continued as sole monarch until his own death in 1702.
On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union 1707, England and Scotland were united as a single state, the Kingdom of Great Britain. Anne became its first sovereign, while continuing to hold the separate crown of Queen of Ireland and the title Queen of France. Anne reigned for twelve years until her death in August 1714.

49. Recruiting party. - He's a fine fellow, and I dare say will never disgrace the scarlet d-mme - he'll be a General. - Brought in a new recruit your honour. - Shall we play the Grenadiers March
Recruiting party. - He's a fine fellow, and I dare say will never disgrace the scarlet d-mme - he'll be a General. - Brought in a new recruit your honour. - Shall we play the Grenadiers March

50. George I and George II
The first kings of the House of Hanover - George I ( ) and George II ( ) – were, contrary to common belief, competent if limited rulers,.

51. George I (George Louis; German: Georg Ludwig )
8 May 1660 – 11 June 1727)[
King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714 until his death.
Ruler of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire from 1698.
George was born in Lower Saxony in what is now Germany, and eventually inherited the title and lands of the Duke of Brunswick-Lünebur

52. George II (George Augustus; German: Georg II )
August; 10 November 1683[1] – 25 October 1760)
King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover)
Archtreasurer and Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 until his death
He was the last British monarch to have been born outside Great Britain, and was famous for his numerous conflicts with his father and, subsequently, with his son. As king, he exercised little control over policy in his early reign, the government instead being controlled by Great Britain's de facto first Prime Minister, Sir Robert Walpole.

53. Townshend, Walpole and the Pitts
…but their power rested to a large extent in the hands of their cabinet ministers, Townshend, Walpole, and the two Pitts, who were masterful wielders of political influence and effective in keeping Parliament in line.

54. George III
When George III came to the throne in 1760, he tried successfully to reestablish the Tory party and to loosen Parliamentary curbs on monarchial power.

55. George III of the United Kingdom
King of Great Britain and Ireland ( )
Third monarch of the House of Hanover.
Unlike his two predecessors, born in Britain and English first language.
George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of these two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. He was concurrently Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and prince-elector of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire until his promotion to King of Hanover on 12 October He was the third British monarch of the House of Hanover, but unlike his two predecessors he was born in Britain and spoke English as his first language.[3] Despite his long life, he never visited Hanover.[4]

56. George III – Political Issues
His obstinacy in asserting himself over Parliament and in insisting on Parliament’s power over the American colonies caused a long period of political instability in England and prolonged war in America.

57. George III – Illness and Madness
By 1788 George III had already begun to show signs of progressive blindness and madness, and for the last two decades of his reign his life was enshrouded in the darkness of insanity.

58. End of the eighteen century
England had already suffered the first major loss to her colonial empire.
War with America had drawn her into war with France.
The Industrial Revolution which was to blacken Britain’s skies had already begun.
By the end of the eighteen century, England had already suffered the first major loss to her colonial empire; war with America had drawn her into war with France; the industrial revolution which was to blacken Britain’s skies had already begun; and the truths which had seemed so self-evident at the beginning of the century were being questioned by those with a new vision of man’s role in the world.

59. American Revolution (1763-1783)
John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence, showing the five-man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia
The revolutionary era began in 1763, when the French military threat to British North American colonies ended
The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence,[1] began as a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen united former British colonies on the North American continent. This resulted in the independent states breaking away from the empire with the Declaration of Independence in 177. This revolutionary era ended in a global war between several European great powers.
The Treaty of Paris in 1783 was ratified by this new national government, and ended British claims to any of the thirteen states.

60. The Industrial Revolution (late18th – 19th centuries)
Period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in
Agriculture,
Manufacturing,
Production, and
Transportation
had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain.

61. The Industrial Revolution (late18th – 19th centuries)
The changes subsequently spread throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world.
The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human society.
Almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way.

62. First Industrial Revolution vs Second Industrial Revolution
The First Industrial Revolution,
which began in the 18th century, merged into the
Second Industrial Revolution
around 1850,
The period of time covered by the Industrial Revolution varies with different historians. Eric Hobsbawm held that it 'broke out' in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s,[4] while T. S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830.[5] Some twentieth century historians such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts have argued that the process of economic and social change took place gradually and the term revolution is not a true description of what took place. This is still a subject of debate amongst historians.

63. Watt Steam Engine
A Watt steam engine, the steam engine fuelled primarily by coal that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world.

64. Second Industrial Revolution
Technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of
(1850) steam-powered ships,
railways
(later in the 19th century)
internal combustion engine
electrical power generation.
The First Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th century, merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships, railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generation.

65. Steam-powered ships and Railways

66. Internal Combustion Engine and electrical power generation

67. By the end of the eighteen century
The truths which had seemed so self-evident at the beginning of the century were being questioned by those with a new vision of man’s role in the world.
By the end of the eighteen century, England had already suffered the first major loss to her colonial empire; war with America had drawn her into war with France; the industrial revolution which was to blacken Britain’s skies had already begun; and the truths which had seemed so self-evident at the beginning of the century were being questioned by those with a new vision of man’s role in the world.

68. ADDITIONAL NOTES
PERIODS AND ERAS
IN ENGLISH HISTORY

69. Relevant Periods in English History
Stuart Period (1603–1714)
Georgian era (1714–1830)
British Regency (1811–1820)

70. Periods and eras in English History
Tudor period (1485–1603)
Elizabethan era (1558–1603)
Stuart Period (1603–1714)
Jacobean era (1603 – 1625)
Caroline era (1625—1642)
Georgian era (1714–1830)
British Regency (1811–1820)
Edwardian period (1901–1910)

71. Stuart Period
Jacobean Age - James VI of Scotland and I of England ( )
Carolean Age - Charles I of England and Scotland ( )
Commonwealth (English Interregnum : 11 years)
Restoration Age : Charles II of England ( ) and Scotland ( )
James VI of Scotland and I of England ( ) - Jacobean Age
Charles I of England and Scotland ( ) - Carolean Age
During the period between Charles I and Charles II, England was a Republican Commonwealth, and then a Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell and Richard Cromwell. This period of 11 years is known as the English Interregnum.
Charles II of England ( ) and Scotland ( ) - Restoration Age
James II of England and VII of Scotland ( ) (continued to claim the English and Scottish thrones after his deposition in 1688 until his death in 1701)
Mary II of England and Scotland ( ) - with William III of England and II of Scotland ( ), of the House of Orange-Nassau, a descendant of Charles I
Anne of Great Britain ( ) - Augustan Age

72. Stuart Period (Cont.)
James II of England and VII of Scotland ( )
Mary II of England and Scotland ( ) - with William III of England and II of Scotland ( ),
Augustan Age - Anne of Great Britain ( )
James VI of Scotland and I of England ( ) - Jacobean Age
Charles I of England and Scotland ( ) - Carolean Age
During the period between Charles I and Charles II, England was a Republican Commonwealth, and then a Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell and Richard Cromwell. This period of 11 years is known as the English Interregnum.
Charles II of England ( ) and Scotland ( ) - Restoration Age
James II of England and VII of Scotland ( ) (continued to claim the English and Scottish thrones after his deposition in 1688 until his death in 1701)
Mary II of England and Scotland ( ) - with William III of England and II of Scotland ( ), of the House of Orange-Nassau, a descendant of Charles I
Anne of Great Britain ( ) - Augustan Age

73. Works Cited and Sources
Damrosch, David, ed. The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Volume A. 2nd Compact Edition. London: Longman, 2004.
David Burnley. The History of the English Language. 2nd ed. London: Pearson Education, 2000.
Glatthorn, Allan A., Charles W. Kreidler & Enerst J.Heiman. ­The Dynamics of Language. Book 4. USA: D.C. Heath and Company, 1971.

74. Works Cited and Sources
Jordan, Constance, and Clare Carroll. “The Early Modern Period.” The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Ed. David Damrosch. Vol.A. London: Longman,
Miller, James E., Jr., Myrtle J. Jones, and Helen McDonnel. England in Literature. Macbeth Edition. London: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1973.
Nist, John. A Structural History of English. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1966.