1. Lección 3 Paquita y Sara

2. Subjunctive  Form the subjunctive by taking the yo form of the verb, drop the –o and add the opposite vowel Hablar ComerVivir Hable ComaViva Hables ComasVivas Hable ComaViva Hablemos ComamosVivamos Hablen ComanVivan

3. Irregular/Stem Changing Verbs in Subjunctive  Some verbs have stem changes e  ie and o  ue  There are also 6 irregular verbs in the subjunctive (dar, estar, haber, ir, saber, ser)

4. Subjunctive with Impersonal Expressions  Impersonal expressions of necessity, doubt, probability, opinion, denial, pity, and uncertainty require the subjunctive in the second clause. Common expression are: Es bueno Es difícil Es dudoso Es raro Es fácil Es horrible Es importante Es imposible Es mejor Es necesario Es posible Es urgente Ed preciso Es indispensable Es malo

5. Subjunctive with Impersonal Expressions  The indicative is used when an impersonal expression conveys certainty or conviction  BUT when expressions of certainty are expressed in the negative form, they also require the subjunctive, since they now convey doubt  Use the infinitive when the dependent clause has no expressed subject

6. Direct Object Pronouns  A direct object is a noun that follows and is affected directly by the verb (can either be a person or an object) Singular Meme Teyou (informal) Loyou (mascaline), it, him Layou (feminine), it, her Plural Nosus Osyou (formal) (Spain) Losyou (mascaline), them Lasyou (feminine), them

7. Direct Object Pronouns  Direct Object Pronouns (DOP) agree in gender and number with noun to which they refer  DOP are usually place immediately before the conjugated verb  You may attach a DOP to the end of an infinitive or the end of the present progressive  In negative sentences, DOP come before the verb and after the “no”

8. Personal “a”  When the direct object is a specific person or persons, an “a” precedes the noun, known as the personal “a”  It is required before every specific human direct object and before indefinite expressions (nadie, alguien)  When the interrogative quíen(es) requests information about the direct object, the personal “a” precedes it  It is usually not used with the verb tener

9. Indirect Object Pronouns (IOP)  An IOP indicates to/for whom a noun/action is given/carried out, or from whom something is brought, borrowed, or taken away Singular Me(to) me Te(to) you (familiar) Le(to) you (formal), him/her/it Plural Nos(to) us Os (to) you (familiar) (Spain) Les(to) you (formal), them/it

10. Indirect Object Pronouns  IOP agree in number with the noun to which they refer (there is no gender agreement)  IOP is normally used when the indirect noun is expressed (Les escribo una carta a los periodistas)  IOP follow the same rules of placement as the DOP

11. Double Object Pronouns  When both a direct and an indirect object pronouns are used together in a sentence, the indirect object pronoun precedes the direct object pronoun  The IOP “le” and “les” change to “se” when they appear with DOP “lo/los/la/las”  Double object pronouns may be attached to infinitives or present participle, however the order must be maintained and an accent mark added to stressed vowel of the verb

12. Verbs like Gustar