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Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Chapter Outline STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Chapter 14 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
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Sexually transmitted diseases
STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Sexually transmitted diseases Have reached epidemic proportions in the U.S. 25% of all Americans will acquire at least one sexually transmitted disease (STD) in their lifetime Each year, more than 15 million people in the U.S. are newly infected with STDs More than 68 million Americans have an incurable STD The highest rate of STD infections are seen in young people between the ages of 16 and 24 Worldwide, 1 million people are infected daily with STDs not including HIV
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Chlamydia Caused by a bacterial infection that spreads
STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Chlamydia Caused by a bacterial infection that spreads During vaginal, anal, or oral sex From the vagina to a newborn baby during childbirth Can cause serious damage to the reproductive system Is a major factor in male and female infertility May not produce symptoms, thus 75% of infected individuals don’t know they’re infected until the infection has become quite serious Three million new cases are reported each year in the U.S. 15- to 19-year-old girls represent 46% of infections 20- to 24-year-old women represent another 33%
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STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Chlamydia When symptoms are present, they include abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vaginal bleeding, and arthritis Treatment requires oral antibiotics Damage to the reproductive system is irreversible
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Gonorrhea Caused by a bacterial infection Symptoms in men
STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Gonorrhea Caused by a bacterial infection Transmitted through vaginal, anal, and oral sex Symptoms in men Typical symptoms include a pus-like secretion from the penis and painful urination Symptoms in women Women also may have discharge and painful urination Up to 80% of infected women don’t experience symptoms until the infection has become fairly serious At this stage, women develop fever, severe abdominal pain, and pelvic inflammatory disease
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Gonorrhea Untreated gonorrhea can produce
STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Gonorrhea Untreated gonorrhea can produce Infertility, widespread bacterial infection, heart damage, arthritis Blindness in children born to infected women Treated successfully with penicillin and other antibiotics
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Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Not a true STD, but rather a condition resulting from complications of chlamydia or gonorrhea Often develops when the STD spreads to the fallopian tubes, uterus, and ovaries Each year more than 1 million women in the U.S. develop PID Complications include scarring and obstruction of the fallopian tubes, infertility, ectopic pregnancies, and chronic pelvic pain
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Pelvic inflammatory disease
STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Pelvic inflammatory disease Women with PID who become pregnant may have an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy which destroys the embryo and can result in the mother’s death Symptoms include Fever, nausea, vomiting, chills, spotting between menstrual periods, heavy bleeding during periods Pain in the lower abdomen during sexual intercourse, between menstrual periods, or during urination
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Pelvic inflammatory disease
STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Pelvic inflammatory disease Many women do not know they have PID because symptoms are not always present PID is treated with antibiotics, bed rest, and sexual abstinence Surgery may be required to remove infected or scarred tissue or to repair or remove the fallopian tubes or uterus
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Genital warts Caused by a viral infection that is spread
STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Genital warts Caused by a viral infection that is spread Through vaginal, anal, or oral sex From the vagina to a newborn baby Warts appear anywhere from 1 to 8 months after exposure Warts can be found On the penis and around the vulva and vagina In the mouth, throat, rectum, the cervix, or around the anus
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STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Genital warts One million new cases of this STD are diagnosed yearly in the U.S. In some cities, nearly half of all sexually active teenagers have genital warts
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Genital warts Health problems include
STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Genital warts Health problems include Increased risk for cancers of the cervix, vulva, and penis Enlargement and spread of the warts, leading to obstruction of the urethra, vagina, and anus Warts over the bodies of babies born to infected mothers (thus, Cesarean sections are recommended)
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Genital warts Treatment requires complete removal of all warts by
STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Genital warts Treatment requires complete removal of all warts by Freezing them with liquid nitrogen, dissolving them with chemicals, or removing them through electrosurgery or laser surgery Patients may have to be treated more than once, because genital warts can recur
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Genital herpes Caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV)
STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Genital herpes Caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) Several types of HSV produce different ailments, including Genital herpes, oral (lip) herpes, shingles, and chicken pox The two most common forms of HSV are Types I and II Type I is most commonly known to cause oral herpes Cold sores or fever blisters appear on the lips and mouth Approximately 135 million Americans over the age of 12 carry HSV Type I HSV Type II is better known as the virus that causes genital herpes About 20% of people over 12 are infected with HSV Type II
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Genital herpes HSV is a highly contagious virus
STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Genital herpes HSV is a highly contagious virus Victims are most contagious during an outbreak HSV spreads by contact with an active sore HSV can also be spread through virus-containing secretions from the vagina or penis
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STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Genital herpes A few days following infection, sores appear on the infected areas Most notably the mouth, genitals, and rectum May also surface on other parts of the body In conjunction with the sores, victims usually have mild fever, swollen glands, and headaches Symptoms usually disappear within a few weeks, causing some people to believe they are cured Herpes is presently incurable; its victims do remain infected The virus can remain dormant for extended periods, but repeated outbreaks are common
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STDs
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Herpes virus Both HSV Type I and II can cause oral and genital sores
STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Herpes virus Both HSV Type I and II can cause oral and genital sores People who have an outbreak of oral herpes Should not touch their genitals or someone else’s after touching the oral cold sores (doing so can lead to herpes infection of the genitals) Oral sex can also cause transmission of the HSV from the lips to the genitals and vice versa People with cold sores on the lips or mouth should exercise care not to touch these sores Hands should be carefully washed with soap following contact with cold or herpes sores
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Syphilis Caused by a bacterial infection
STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Syphilis Caused by a bacterial infection Three weeks after infection, a painless sore appears where the bacteria entered the body The sore disappears on its own in a few weeks If untreated, additional sores may appear within 6 months of initial outbreak but will also disappear by themselves A latent stage during which victim is not contagious may last up to 30 years (victims think they are healed)
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Syphilis During the final stage
STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Syphilis During the final stage People may develop paralysis, crippling, blindness, heart disease, brain damage, insanity Some infected people die from the disease Penicillin and other antibiotics are used in its treatment
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STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Critical thinking Many individuals who have sexually transmitted diseases withhold this information from potential sexual partners. Do you think that it should be considered a criminal action if such an individual knowingly transmits a STD to someone else?
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STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Key terms Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): Any of a number of diseases that arise when the body’s immune system is compromised by HIV Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): Virus that leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Opportunistic diseases: Diseases that arise in the absence of a healthy immune system, which would fight them off in healthy people
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STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs HIV and AIDS Upon infection, the HIV virus multiplies, attacks, and destroys white blood cells White blood cells are part of the immune system that fights infections and diseases As the number of white blood cells killed increases, the body’s immune system gradually breaks down or may be completely destroyed Without the immune system, a person becomes susceptible to various opportunistic diseases and cancers HIV infection is determined through an HIV antibody test
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HIV and AIDS HIV is a progressive disease
STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs HIV and AIDS HIV is a progressive disease At first, people who become infected with HIV might not know they are infected An incubation period of weeks, months, or years may pass during which no symptoms appear The virus may live in the body 10 years or longer before symptoms emerge
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STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs HIV and AIDS As the infection progresses to the point at which certain diseases develop, the person is said to have AIDS HIV itself doesn’t kill, nor do people die of AIDS AIDS is the term designating the final stage of HIV infection Death is caused by a weakened immune system that is unable to fight off opportunistic diseases
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Current modes of HIV transmission in the U.S.
Figure 14.2 Current modes of HIV transmission in the U.S. SOURCE: CDC
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Proportion of AIDS cases by race/ethnicity in the U.S., 1985–2001
Figure 14.3 SOURCE: CDC
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STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs HIV and AIDS People do not get HIV because of who they are but because of what they do HIV and AIDS can threaten anyone, anywhere Men, women Children, teenagers, young people, older adults Whites, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, Africans, Europeans Homosexuals, heterosexuals, bisexuals Drug users Nobody is immune to HIV
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The two most risky behaviors for HIV transmission
STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs The two most risky behaviors for HIV transmission Having unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an HIV-infected person Sharing hypodermic needles or other drug paraphernalia with someone who is infected
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Estimated incidence of AIDS cases and deaths reported in the U. S
Figure 14.5 SOURCE: CDC
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HIV and AIDS treatment HIV infection and AIDS have no known cure
STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs HIV and AIDS treatment HIV infection and AIDS have no known cure The best advice is to take a preventive approach Medications are available that Delay the progress of infection and allow HIV-infected patients to live longer May keep some people from developing AIDS The sooner the treatment is initiated, the better the prognosis for a longer life Developing a vaccine to prevent HIV infection or AIDS seems highly unlikely within the next few years
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Prevention of STDs Abstinence A monogamous sexual relationship
Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Prevention of STDs Abstinence A monogamous sexual relationship If you choose to delay sex, do not let peers pressure you into having sex Manhood and womanhood are not proven during sexual intercourse but, instead, through mature, responsible, and healthy choices
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Reducing the risk for STDs
Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Reducing the risk for STDs Plan before you get into a sexual situation Know your partner Discuss STDs with the person you are contemplating having sex with before you do so Limit the number of sexual partners you have If sexually promiscuous, consider periodic physical check-ups Use barrier methods of contraception to help prevent disease from spreading
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Reducing the risk for STDs
Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Reducing the risk for STDs Negotiate safer sex Think “no condom, no sex” Be responsible enough to abstain from sexual activity if you have an infection Urinate immediately following sexual intercourse Although not entirely reliable, it may help flush bacteria and viruses from the urinary tract
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Reducing the risk for STDs
Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Reducing the risk for STDs Thoroughly wash immediately after sexual activity Although not a guarantee, it can prevent you from spreading germs on your fingers and may wash away bacteria and viruses that have not yet entered the body If you suspect that your partner is infected with an STD, ask Consider abstaining from sexual relations if you have any kind of an illness or disease, even a common cold
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Reducing the risk for HIV
STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Reducing the risk for HIV Postpone sex until you and your uninfected partner are prepared to enter into a lifetime monogamous relationship Unless in a monogamous relationship and you know your partner is not infected, practice safer sex every time you have sex Use a latex condom with the spermicide nonoxynol-9 from start to finish for each sexual act If you think your partner should use a condom but refuses, say “No” to sex
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Reducing the risk for HIV
STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Reducing the risk for HIV Don’t have multiple and anonymous sexual partners Don’t have sexual contact with anyone who doesn’t practice safer sex Avoid sexual contact with anyone who has had sex with people at risk for getting HIV Don’t have sex with prostitutes If you do have sex with someone who might be infected, avoid exchange of body fluids Don’t share toothbrushes, razors, or other implements that could become contaminated with blood with anyone who might be infected
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Reducing the risk for HIV
STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Reducing the risk for HIV Be cautious regarding procedures (such as acupuncture, tattooing, and ear piercing) in which needles or other nonsterile instruments may be used If you are planning on artificial insemination, insist on frozen sperm obtained from a laboratory that tests all donors for HIV If you know you will be having surgery in the near future, and if you are able, consider donating blood for your own use
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STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Genital Warts Genital Herpes Syphilis HIV and AIDS Guidelines for Preventing STDs Critical thinking Discuss how the information presented in this chapter has affected your feelings and perceptions about sex. What impact will this information have on your wellness lifestyle?
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End of Chapter
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