1. American History Unit 4: World War One Overview and Insights Mr. Chortanoff Chapter 22 Why was the leader of WWI France buried standing up facing east toward Germany?

2. Big Idea: 1.WWI advanced modern warfare and became the starting point for future conflict in Europe. 2.The American Home Front contribute to the war effort, and the American people simultaneously struggled with many domestic issues centered on race, gender, economics, culture, and social standards. Unit Essential Question: 1.How did WWI advance modern warfare and elevate the status of the US as a world power? 2.What were the contributions and conflicts at the American Home Front?

3. 3 Concepts WWI Prewar Conflicts and Causes of WWI WWI America’s role in WWI (aka the “Great War" WWI The Effects of the WWI/the “Great War” 1.How would you summarize the causes of WWI and America’s entry? 2.How would you compare and contrast the Allies and the Central Powers? 1.How would you describe the American Home Front? (mobilization, financing, women’s role, leadership) 2.How would you describe the nature of the fighting in WWI? What was the basic strategy, tactics, and weaponry of the men at arms? 1.What were the short term effects of WWI on the world? 2.What do you predict were the important long term effects of WWI on the world? 3.How would you summarize the conclusion of the war and the Versailles Peace Treaty?

4. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Europe on the eve of World War I (1914-1918)

5. Europe Goes to War: US not until April of 1917 Yellow: Central Powers Blue: Allies Grey: Neutral

6. Causes of World War I Long Term: Militarism/Arms Race Alliance System Imperialism Industrialization/Global Competition

7. Assassination of Austrian Heir to the throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia. Poor Communication Systems / Diplomacy Mobilizations of Armies and Declarations of War WAR Causes of WWI Short Term:

8. Staying Neutral in a World Conflict Neutrality is hard to maintain with many Americans choosing sides Germany’s actions turn America toward Britain Americans debate their nation’s role in world affairs and the country’s preparedness Wilson issues a final plea for peace Germany renews its submarine warfare Wilson breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany Americans learn of the Zimmerman Telegram Germans sink several American merchant ships and the Lusitania Russian Revolution drives the czar from power and the Communists start a civil war in Russia America enters the WWI

9. Nature of Fighting in WWI BASIC STRATEGY: CONQUER LAND, DESTROY ENEMY ARMY, AND HOME FRONT BRUTAL LAND BATTLES; ONE MAJOR NAVAL BATTLE (JUTLAND, near Denmark) NATIONALISTIC/RACIST/ETHNIC TENSION MASSIVE, CONSCRIPTED ARMIES MILLION MEN ARMIES FIGHT BLOODY BATTLES FOUGHT IN EUROPE, ALL OCEANS, MIDDLE EAST NEW/MODERN WEAPONS, BUT USED OLD TACTICS = SLAUGHTER OF TRENCH WARFARE. SUBS, BATTLESHIPS, TANKS, PLANES, BARBED WIRE, ARTILLARY, GAS, MACHINE GUNS, TELEGRAPH, WIRELESS TELEGRAPH (RADIO)

10. Nature of the HOME FRONT: Social Change During the Period of Neutrality Blacks move North lured by defense jobs, but face continued discrimination Motion pictures attract large audiences and turn actors into “Movie Stars.” Victorian Age is ending. Sexual attitudes undergo change; many conservatives are concerned about liberal dress, conduct of women and men. Teenagers are recognized. Wilson calls on Europeans to achieve “Peace Without Victory” German resumption of unrestricted warfare pulls America into war Congress declares war on Germany on April 6, 1917 Reality dashes hopes of sending aid but not troops, and Selective Service Act is passed Training of troops and implementation of convoy system begin

11. Continued: A Nation at War Taxes and Liberty Bond sales finance war Herbert Hoover runs program to supply food to Allies and farm prices increase Prohibition becomes law amidst war (Progressives also push for suffrage) Federal government forms business-government partnership to manage war and keep Americans behind war effort Racial tensions increase, but African Americans fully support war effort Women fill jobs in defense industries and finally gain right to vote Wilson supports laws that curtail rights Animosity toward German Americans increases – (change names of food –”Liberty Cabbage”, not sauerkraut), ban on school teaching German, towns change names… Liberty Bonds were sold to pay for the war….not like today!

12. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. March of Woman Suffrage. Before 1920: Women’s Suffrage by State: Green = No Suffrage Red = Complete Suffrage (national, state, local) Orange = Suffrage in primaries Purple = Suffrage only in Presidential Election

13. Election of 1916 ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Candidates for 1916 Election: Wilson (Dem) 277 Electoral Votes, 9.1 Million Popular Votes Hughes (Rep) 254 Electoral Votes, 8.5 Million Popular Votes

14. Conclusion Wilson proposes Fourteen Points in hopes of bringing permanent peace to Europe Wilson is re-elected but distances himself from Republicans Wilson travels to Europe to participate in peace negotiations himself, but Russians are absent due to civil war at home Wilson is unhappy with harshness of terms for Germany, but gives in to obtain League of Nations President tours country to gain support for treaty, but suffers massive stroke Senate Republicans block treaty, both because of Wilson’s obstinance and because of fear of League of Nations Adjusting to peace is difficult, with labor unrest, inflation, and influenza (world wide problem!) Progressivism declines after woman suffrage and prohibition become law (did our job!?) Racial violence and a Red Scare contribute to unrest Warren G. Harding wins 1920 election by promising a “return to normalcy”

15. FYI: Russian Revolution How does Russia makes a separate peace with the Central Powers? – The Bolsheviks (Reds Army) seize power (win) – Kill the Royal (White Army) family – V.I. Lenin opposes the war – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ends Russia’s participation – Germany moves all of its armies to the Western Front to overwhelm the Allies – Civil War ensues for years, killing millions

16. Effects of WWI Short Term: 1.New World Order replaces the ( Old World Order of post- Napoleonic generation of international relations) 2.9 Million men die in battle 3.Millions of civilians die 4.Northern France, Belgium, Netherlands in ruins 5.Many people lose faith in humanity to peacefully co-exist 6.American are praised as heroes/liberators/powerful 7.American Expeditionary Force (AEF) prove their worth in battle 8.Harlem Hell Fighters do, too (African Americans, too) 9.Federal Government regulates much of the war time economy 10.Federal Government and others raise Patriotism via cartoons and posters to purchase war bonds, encourage conservation, growing a “Victory garden,” and enlisting in the military. Long Term: You tell me.

17. Paris Peace Conference: 1919 Wilson’s Peace Goals: 1.Fourteen Points 2.“Peace Without Victory!” Other Allies’ Goals: 1.Large German Reparations 2.War Guilt Clause for Germany 3.Disarm Germany 1.Congress rejects the Versailles Treaty and opposes the League or Nations Treaty of Versailles: 1.Harsh terms for Germany 2.Self-determination for Eastern Europe 3.League of Nations BIG FOUR decide key issues: 1.America’s Woodrow Wilson 2.Britain’s David Lloyd George 3.France’s George Clemenceau 4.Italy’s Vittorio Orlando

18. Europe after the Peace Conference, 1920

19. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. American Participation on the Western Front Allies C.P.

20. Europe and the Near East After the First World War