1. WWI

3. CAUSES OF WWI Competition for land and power
Growing sense of Nationalism
Creation of alliances
Militarism

4. TWO MAIN ALLIANCES CENTRAL POWERS ALLIED POWERS Germany
Austria-Hungary
Bulgaria and Turkey
ALLIED POWERS
Great Britain
France
Russia
Belgium and later Italy (also Serbia, Romania, Albania, Montenegro, Greece and Portugal)

5. MAJOR EVENTS:

6. ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND –
Heir to the Austrian throne
Visited Serbia with wife Sophia
Was assassinated by members of Serbian terrorist organization
Sparked WWI

7. DECLARATIONS OF WAR
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and began an invasion – July 28, 1914
Russia (allied w/ Serbia) ordered mobilization of its troops – July 28-29
Germany (allied w/ Austria-Hungary) responded by declaring war on Russia and attacked France (Russia’s ally) thereby declaring war with them as well – Aug 1 and 3
Great Britain declared war on Germany – Aug 4

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF WWI
Government propaganda
Fought on two fronts
Trench Warfare
Use of airplanes
New weapons (machine guns, poison gas, etc.)
Unrestricted submarine warfare (U-boats)
TOTAL WAR

9. THE U.S. JOINS THE WAR
The U.S. had maintained a policy of isolationism, which kept the it out of the war for 3 years
The U.S. joined the war in 1917
Angered by the use of unrestricted submarine warfare (sinking of unarmed civilian vessels)
Zimmerman Note – offer to Mexico to give them U.S. lands if Mexico joined the war and attacked the U.S. (intercepted by U.S. intelligence)

10. LAST YEAR OF THE WAR U.S. involvement gave the allies the upper hand
In July of 1918, Germany was pushed back to the German border
In November, the Kaiser abdicated
November 11, 1918 the Germans signed an armistice (agreement to end the war)

11. THE WAR AT HOME
The Selective Service Act – registered American men for the draft
The War Industries Board – controlled industrial production (government spending increased rapidly between 1916 and 1918)
Espionage and Sedition Acts – targeted socialists and labor leaders (made it a crime to criticize the war effort)
Women and African-Americans filled the jobs of almost 2 million men that fought in Europe

12. AMERICAN HEROES
General John J. Pershing – led the American Expeditionary Force (instrumental in the Battle of Argonne Forest)
Alvin York – won the medal of honor for bravery and his capturing of many German troops

13. THE PEACE AGREEMENT The Paris Peace Conference The Peace of Paris
Excluded the Central Powers
The Big Three – U.S., Great Britain, France negotiated the peace
The Peace of Paris
Five separate peace treaties
THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES (most important)
Germany was punished harshly
lost land
military restrictions
payment for war damages
Establishment of the League of Nations

14. EFFECTS OF WORLD WAR I European boundaries changed
European monarchies ceased to exist
Political and Social disarray
Genocide of Armenians and other ethnic groups
Millions lost their lives
Hardships placed on Germany gave rise to political changes and the eventual takeover by Hitler

15. Europe – before and after WWI
In 1914
In 1921

16. Germany’s Territorial Losses: A new independent Poland was created
Germany’s Territorial Losses: A new independent Poland was created. Germany lost territory to France and Poland, as well as all of its overseas colonies.
Austria-Hungary and Turkey: The Austro-Hungarian Empire was divided into several new national states. Turkey lost its territories in the Middle East
THE PEACE TERMS ENDING WORLD WAR I
Punishing Germany:
Germany lost its navy, while its army was reduced to a small police force. Germany was forced to accept blame for starting the war in the “war Guilt Clause” and was required to pay huge reparations (payments for damages) to the Allies.
League of Nations:
The Treaty created the League of Nations, an organization of nations pledged to defend each other against aggressors. The League was severely weakened when several major powers, such as the United States and Russia, failed to join it.

17. Activity: Read the articles below from the Covenant of the League of Nations and answer the question that follows.
Article 10. The members of the League undertake to…preserve against external aggression the territorial integrity and political independence of all members.
Article 11. Any war or threat of war, … is hereby declared a matter of concern to the whole League, and the League shall take any action that may be deemed wise to safeguard the peace of nations.
Article 12. Members of the League agree that, if there should arise a dispute likely to lead to a rupture, they will submit the matter … to the Council, and they agree in no case to resort to war until three months after a report by the Council. The award of the arbitrators or the judicial decision shall be made within a reasonable time.
Based on these articles, how did the authors of the Covenant believe the League could prevent future wars? ______________________________________________
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18. Germany’s Territorial Losses:
Austria-Hungary and Turkey:
THE PEACE TERMS ENDING WORLD WAR I
Punishing Germany:
League of Nations:

19. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES
In 1919, for the first time, the U.S. Senate rejected a peace treaty. The Senate failed to reach its required two-thirds majority when just 39 of 55 senators voted for the treaty. Though President Woodrow Wilson had personally negotiated the treaty following World War I along with his idea for a League of Nations, the Senate could not agree. “Reservationists”, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, would only approve the treaty if certain reservations or alterations were adopted, while the “Irreconcilables” opposed it in any form. This expressed the view of many former American leaders, including George Washington – that the United States need not “entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition”
The United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles, nor did it join the League of Nations. However, in 1921, Congress approved resolutions that formally ended hostilities with both Germany and Austria-Hungary.
If you were a senator in 1919, would you have voted for the Treaty of Versailles? Would you have voted to join the League of Nations? Explain your answers.
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