American Revolution Background

American Revolution Background
Chapter 7 P The Road to Revolution

DVD Founding Fathers Volume 1 Rebels with a Cause Taking Liberties

Colonization Spanish French Britain

Early European Settlements
1565 Spanish—St. Augustine, Florida 1605 French—Port Royal in Nova Scotia 1607 British—Jamestown, Virginia 1608 French—Quebec, Canada 1620 British—Plymouth, Massachusetts 1634 British—Maryland 1663 French—New France 1682 British—William Penn settles Pennsylvania

Waldseemüller Map 1507 Martin Waldseemüller, a German mapmaker, was the first person to designate the newly discovered southern continent as "America." He named the continent after Amerigo Vespucci, the Italian explorer who realized that he had reached a "new world" rather than islands off the coast of Asia.

European Explorations in America
In the century following Columbus' voyages, European adventurers explored the coasts and parts of the interior of North and South America.

Major Transatlantic Explorations 1000-1587
Following Columbus' 1492 voyage, Spain's rivals soon began laying claim to parts of the New World based on the voyages of Cabot for England, Cabral for Portugal, and Verrazano for France. Later English and French exploration focused on finding a passage to Asia around or through Canada.

Spain’s Golden Age 1550-1650 Brilliance in art and literature
King Philip II founded academies of science and mathematics El Greco Religious paintings Views of the city of Toledo Portraits of Spanish nobles Miguel de Cervantes Don Quixote/first modern novel in Europe

Rivalry in Europe Catholic Spain—King Philip II
Wealthiest and most powerful nation Battled the Protestant Dutch To end English attacks and subdue the Dutch launched a huge armada to carry an invasion to England Protestant England—Queen Elizabeth I Encourage English captains to plunder Spanish ships Sir Francis Drake looted Spanish cities in the Americas Rewarded by Elizabeth with a knighthood Openly supported the Dutch against Spain

Invading England Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1588
King Philip II To end English attacks and control the Dutch Prepared huge armada 130 ships 20,000 men 2,400 pieces of artillery Confident of victory English Channel Sudden, savage storm scattered the armada Lumbering Spanish ships

Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1588

Results of the Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1588
Spanish power and prosperity slowly declined Britain emerged as the leading naval power Dutch and French fleets challenged Spain

Founding America Revolutionary Thought Mercantilism Triangular trade
Navigation Acts

France's American Empire
at Its Greatest Extent 1700 British Territory After Two Wars 1713

Colonial Trade Patterns c. 1770

Atlantic Trade Routes By the late seventeenth century, an elaborate trade network linked the countries and colonies bordering the Atlantic Ocean. The most valuable commodities exchanged were enslaved people and the products of slave labor.

European Colonization c. 1650

Immigration and British Colonial Expansion to 1755

The European Empires in Eighteenth-Century America
This map shows the colonization of the Americas and the Philippines by three rival powers. It is clear from the map why British colonists felt vulnerable to attack by England's archenemies, France and Spain, until English victory in the French and Indian War in 1763.

The Anglo-American Colonies in the Early Eighteenth Century
By the early eighteenth century, the English colonies nominally dominated the Atlantic coastline of North America. But the colonies' formal boundary lines are deceiving because the western reaches of each colony were still largely unfamiliar to Europeans and because much of the land was still inhabited by Native Americans.

New England Colonies Massachusetts Connecticut Rhode Island New Hampshire The most densely settled region of the mainland was New England, where English settlements and Indian villages existed side by side.

The Middle Colonies This map shows the major towns, cities, and forts in the colonies of New York Pennsylvania Delaware New Jersey. Prosperity was based on the thriving commerce of its largest cities, Philadelphia and New York, and on the commercial production of wheat.

The Settlements of the Lower South Towns and fortifications of North Carolina South Carolina Georgia as well as the overlapping claims by the Spanish and the English to the territory south and west of Fort King George. The many Georgia forts reflect that colony's role as a buffer state between rice-rich South Carolina and the Spanish troops stationed in Florida

English Settlements From the beginning English settlements differed from Spain and France English came in great numbers Founded 13 colonies by 1733 1607 Virginia 1620 Massachusetts 1623 New Hampshire 1626 New York 1634 Maryland 1636 Connecticut 1636 Rhode Island 1638 Delaware 1653 North Carolina 1663 South Carolina 1664 New Jersey 1682 Pennsylvania 1733 Georgia Thousands migrated lured by economic, religious and political factors Re-created the English way of life

America A Revolutionary Force
To emigrate was to rebel Boston—3,000 miles to London Six to eight weeks to cross Atlantic Crossing left emotional scars Distance weakens authority Great distance weakens authority greatly American environment itself further nurtured independence New world All shared common belief regardless of why they came Authorities in Britain fundamentally different from them Thus unfit to tell them what to do Not intimidated by British Parliament Colonists set up thirteen “parliaments” of their own Felt their assemblies were equal to Whitehall Over a century and half a new people were born

Colonial Settlement 1607 Jamestown, Virginia
First permanent English settlement in the New World 1620 Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts Mayflower Pilgrims Founding was haphazard Trading companies Religious groups Land speculators Plymouth Colony Carefully Restored

Fur-Trading Posts

Mercantilism 1600-1750 Economic policy Wealth equals power
Measured by gold and silver in the treasury Colonies needed to supply Raw materials and Markets for exports Britain naval supremacy America furnished ships, stores, sailors, trade Triangular trade

Mercantilism

Triangular Trade

Under mercantilism 1600-1750 Southern colonies became “pets”
Tobacco, sugar, rice Virginia angry that Britain made them sell their tobacco to Britain exclusively Tobacco prices dropped Virginia forced to mortgage future crops to buy necessities in Britain New England seeds of revolution Debasing to colonies Felt like they were being kept in a state of economic adolescence

Elements of mercantilism Endure today
Protective tariffs Manufacturers, workers, farmers seek Government tries to enhance national security by prohibiting export of high technology with possible military application

Navigation Acts 1650-1763 British laws to enforce mercantilism
First act was to eliminate Dutch shippers from American trade Colonists could ship their products only on British ships Helped bolster British and colonial merchant marine Kept money in the empire Goods heading to America had to pass through England Colonists had to export certain enumerated goods to Great Britain Tobacco had to go to England NOT to any other foreign markets Even if could get more money from other country Restrictions on what Americans could produce No woolen cloth No beaver hats No competition from colonies Colonists could only buy British manufactured goods

British policy before the French and Indian War 1754-1763
Salutary neglect (beneficial neglect) Navigation Acts Laxly enforced Mostly ignored Colonists learned to disregard or evade restrictions John Hancock engaged in smuggling/ “King of Smugglers” Virginia tobacco guaranteed a monopoly of the British market After 1763 things changed No banks allowed in the colonies Barter Currency—a problem

North America Before 1754

European Claims in North America
The dramatic results of the British victory in the (Seven Years) French and Indian War are vividly demonstrated in these maps, which depict the abandonment of French claims to the mainland after the Treaty of Paris in 1763.

North America After 1763 (after French losses)

Conflict over the Ohio Valley Began the French and Indian War 1754-1763
Valuable to both the French and the British 1749 French were building a fortress at the intersection of the Monongahela River, the Allegheny River and the Ohio River- Ft. Duquesne (Pittsburgh) 1754 The Royal governor sent George Washington as a surveyor and a lieutenant colonel of the Virginia militia Washington fired upon the troops 40 miles from the fort killing the French commander July 4, 1774 French retaliated at Ft. Necessity where Washington was forced to retreat This conflict was the beginning of the French and Indian War or Seven Years’ War

Events of 1755–1760

French and Indian War

George Washington Earliest authenticated portrait of him wearing his colonel's uniform of the Virginia Regiment from the French and Indian War. Portrait was painted years after the war, in 1772

Treaty of Paris 1763 Great Britain received all of New France east of the Mississippi river (except New Orleans) France had to give Spain (its former ally) all of the trading posts along the Mississippi and New Orleans Spain traded Spanish Florida to the British in exchange for Cuba which Britain had won during the war France was allowed to keep their sugar islands in the West Indies

Pontiac’s Rebellion 1763 After the Treaty of Paris in 1763 Indian tribes were furious that their land was being granted to Great Britain (The French had been giving the Indian tribes “gifts” food, supplies, arms in exchange for the peaceful use of their land for the fur trade and for their loyalty against other European powers) Instead, the British demanded that the Indians live with the British without “charity” Spring of 1763 Ottawa Chief Pontiac led several tribes on a violent campaign to drive the British out of the Ohio Country Tribes Captured most of the British forts around the Great Lakes and in the Ohio Valley Raided colonial settlements in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia Destroyed hundreds of homesteads and killed several thousand people While the Indians were attacking Ft. Pitt (formerly Ft. Duquesne) British General Amherst approved the distribution of smallpox-infested blankets and handkerchiefs from the fort’s hospital to the Indians

Results of Pontiac’s Rebellion
After the Indian attacks, American colonists became convinced that all Indians must be removed British government realized that it had to make peace with the Indians on the Western frontier British decided that they would have to put troops on the frontier and the colonists would have to pay for them. Thus the Proclamation Line of 1763

Proclamation of 1763 British attempted to stall to decide what to do about the Indians (attempt to avoid another rebellion) Prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains Stated that colonists already settled in this region must remove themselves But, the colonists believed that they had fought for the land Many colonists (especially in NC) ignored the proclamation

Proclamation Act of 1763 May, 1763 Pontiac’s Rebellion
Native Americans attacked British forts Killed many American settlers Proclamation of 1763 To avoid another costly war with Native Americans George III declared All lands west of the Appalachians reserved for Native Americans Not open for settlement by colonists

America after the French and Indian War

Effects of the French and Indian War
Pontiac’s Rebellion and the Proclamation of 1763 American colonists gained confidence in their military abilities (20,000) Proved that the British were not invincible Highlighted the contempt that the British felt for Americans British discovered that Americans were smuggling (even with the French enemy) No colonial unity—refusal of geographically distant colonies to send troops Disunity was due to Geographic distances Conflicting religious beliefs Different national origins Different forms of colonial governments Frontiersmen vs. urban colonists Those who did join in the war effort realized the commonalities between them Loss of New France eventually contributed to France’s desire to help GB lose its colonies during the American Revolution

Rights of Englishmen Traditional rights established slowly over centuries of British history Colonists enjoyed these Self-government Did not have to maintain an army Trial by jury of peers Security in one's home from unlawful entry No taxation without representation No cruel and unusual punishment Right to rebel

Join or Die Cartoon, published by Benjamin Franklin in 1754, urged the colonies to unite. The first known American cartoon, it established the snake as an emblem for the American colonies.

Nine World Wars Dates In Europe In America 1688-1697
War of the League of Augsburg King William’s War War of Spanish Succession Queen Anne’s War War of Austrian Succession King George’s War Seven Years’ War French and Indian War War of the American Revolution American Revolution Wars of the French Revolution Undeclared French War Napoleonic Wars War of World War I World War I World War II World War II

British Territorial Gains After the French and Indian War

Proclamation Line 1763

Settled Areas at End of French and Indian War 1763

British Acts Sugar Act 1764 Quartering Act 1765 Stamp Act 1765
Declaratory Act 1766 Townshend Acts 1767 Tea Act 1773 Intolerable Acts 1774 Boston Port Act 1774 Quebec Act 1774

Effects French and Indian War 1754-1763
Forced Britain to redefine their relationship with colonies Britain greatest empire also greatest DEBT London expected colonists to pay one third of the debt After 1763 Britain enforced the Navigation Acts Parliament passed laws taxing colonists to pay for the French and Indian War Led to resentment of British rule and Identification of colonists as “Americans” Colonists gained confidence in their military ability Colonists became aware of the fact that the British believed that they were socially inferior to Londonites

Events leading to the First Continental Congress
1764 Sugar Act 1765 Quartering Act 1765 Stamp Act 1765 Stamp Act Congress 1770 The Boston Massacre Boston crowd threatened British soldiers British soldiers opened fire on colonists Samuel Adams had Paul Revere create the famous engraving of the “Boston Massacre” which was used to build up hostility toward the British 1772 Committees of Correspondence were created 1773 Tea Act 1773 Boston Tea Party Sons of Liberty Led by Samuel Adams Dressed as Mohawk Indians Destroyed 342 chests of British tea 1774 Intolerable Acts and Boston Port Act Closed Boston Harbor until Boston paid for the tea General Thomas Gage took over as governor of Massachusetts

Series of Acts to Pay for the War
Sugar Act 1764 First law ever passed by Parliament to raise tax revenue Increased duty on sugar imported from West Indies Quartering Act 1765 Required colonists to provide food and housing for troops New York refused to comply London suspended the New York legislature Stamp Act 1765 Passed to raise money to support new military forces needed for colonial defense Stamps on all official papers Bills of sale Legal documents Playing cards Pamphlets Newspapers Diplomas Marriage licenses A Royal Stamp Stamps like this one, certifying payment of the tax was required on all legal and commercial documents

Results in the colonies
Colonial assemblies Refused to comply with the Quartering Act Angry that offenders of laws were tried in admiralty courts not juries Angry that the burden of proof was on the defendant Angry that assumed guilty unless proven innocent Violation of the Rights of Englishmen No taxation without representation Colonists reject the idea that Parliament has the power to levy revenue raising taxes on the colonies Distinction between legislation and taxation Obey the laws of empire, but Only their own elected officials could legally tax them Colonists had no representation in Parliament Taxing was robbing them of private property Parliament said it was sovereign No division between legislation and taxation Americans deny the authority of Parliament altogether

Stamp Act Congress 1765 New York City Nine colonies; 27 delegates
Statement of rights and grievances Asked parliament to repeal the law Patrick Henry—speech against the act RESULTS Parliament ignored them Significant step toward colonial unity Colonists adopted agreement of non-importation of British goods Patrick Henry

…. “Peace, Peace. ”—but there is no peace. The war is actually begun
….“Peace, Peace!”—but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me give me liberty, or give me death! *Excerpt from Patrick Henry’s Speech to the Virginia Convention 1775 Patrick Henry by Thomas Sully, 1815 A Virginia planter and lawyer, Patrick Henry may have acquired his oratorical brilliance from his father, a fiery Virginia preacher. Henry chose politics rather than the pulpit, and throughout the 1760s and 1770s he stirred the House of Burgesses to resist British policy and the British king.

Open Defiance Common action Wore homespun woolen
Women in public spinning bees People enforced the non-importation Tarred and feathered violators Mobs ransacked houses of unpopular officials Hanged stamp agents in effigy Collecting the tax broke down Britain hard hit because Americans bought one fourth of all British exports 1766 Parliament repealed the Stamp Act Protesting the Stamp Act, 1765 Angry colonists burn the hated stamps in a bonfire.

Britain to save face Declaratory Act 1766 Townshend Acts 1767
Parliament asserted right “to bind” colonies “in all cases whatsoever” Townshend Acts 1767 Import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, TEA Tea tax particularly irksome—one million Americans drank tea Smuggling tea increased/breakdown of law and order 1768 British sent troops to Boston Resentment against Britain grew Boston Massacre 1770

Paul Revere's 1768 engraving of
British troops arriving in Boston was reprinted throughout the colonies

Events Leading to the American Revolution
Boston Massacre 1770 Boston Tea Party 1773 First Continental Congress 1774 Paul Revere’s Ride 1775

Boston Massacre 1770 Sixty townspeople provoked British troops
Troops opened fire and killed eleven citizens Paul Revere’s engraving was widely published Moved colonists toward independence King George III Tried to restore power Repealed Townshend Act except tea Sam Adams 1772 Organized local “committees of correspondence” Spread propaganda and information

George III by A. Ramsay, 1767 Although unsure of himself and emotionally little more than a boy upon his accession to the English throne, George III possessed a deep moral sense and a fierce determination to rule as well as to reign.

Boston Massacre 1770 Engraving by Paul Revere British soldiers against locals; resulted in the death of eleven men Event galvanized many towards the cause of independence from the British.

Site of the Boston Massacre 1770
A circle of cobblestones marks the site of the Boston massacre. In the background stands the Old State House, built in 1713

Samuel Adams Paul Revere

Tea Act 1773 London gave the British East India Company a monopoly on American tea business Tea tax remained RESULTS—PROTEST Annapolis banned the ships and the cargo Boston Tea Party 1773 Townspeople boarded ships and dumped the tea in the harbor

The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor
by Nathaniel Currier In 1773, colonists dressed as Mohawk Indians threw 342 chests of tea belonging to the British East India Company into Boston harbor. They protested a tax on tea and a perceived British monopoly.

Intolerable Acts 1774 Boston Port Act 1774
Swept away many of the rights of colonial Massachusetts Restrictions on town meetings Officials who killed colonists were sent to England for trial Boston Port Act 1774 Most drastic measure of the Intolerable Acts Closed the port of Boston until Boston paid for the tea General Thomas Gage took over as governor of Massachusetts

Quebec Act 1774 Guaranteed Catholicism in America
Kept old customs and institutions No representative assemblies No trial by jury in civil cases Quebec extends to Ohio River RESULTS Dangerous precedent Land now out of colonists’ grasp Anti-Catholic feelings Quebec Before and After 1774

Quebec Before and After 1774

First Continental Congress 1774
Called to redress colonial grievances Brainchild of Sam Adams Carpenters Hall, Philadelphia 56 delegates from 12 colonies No Georgia Sam Adams, John Adams, George Washington, Patrick Henry Issued a Declaration of Rights and Grievances Voted to impose a complete boycott of British goods Called on colonies to arm themselves and train militias Moved toward a revolutionary course Concerted action as a unit Delegates agreed to meet one year later if their grievances had not been resolved King George III refused to look at the grievances Sam Adams

John Adams Ben Franklin Sam Adams Patrick Henry George Washington

Carpenter's Hall 1774 First Continental Congress, 56 delegates Grievances against the British

American Revolution Lexington and Concord April 18, 1775
“Shot heard ’round the world”

Lexington and Concord April 18, 1775 “Shot heard ’round the world”
British General Gage Ordered to seize colonial military supplies in Concord, Massachusetts Ordered to arrest John Hancock and Samuel Adams Paul Revere Kept watch for British movements around Boston Sent a spy into the British officers’ headquarters Spy was to send a signal message from the steeple of the Old North Church “One if by land, two if by sea” After the signal Revere and William Dawes took two different routes to Lexington Alerted every house with “The regulars are coming”

Paul Revere's Ride Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Listen my children and you shall hear Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-five; Hardly a man is now alive Who remembers that famous day and year. He said to his friend, “If the British march By land or sea from the town to-night, Hang a lantern aloft in the belfry arch Of the North Church tower as a signal light,-- One if by land, and two if by sea; And I on the opposite shore will be, Ready to ride and spread the alarm Through every Middlesex village and farm, For the country folk to be up and to arm.” Published 1861 First two stanzas only

The First Battles in the War for Independence, 1775
British march to Concord and the routes taken by the three Americans who alerted the countryside of the enemy's approach. Although Paul Revere was captured by the British and did not complete his ride, he is the best remembered and most celebrated of the nightriders who spread the alarm.

Lexington and Concord 1775 Brief skirmish at Lexington
Between minutemen and British soldiers 8 Americans killed at Lexington British marched on to Concord Minutemen were waiting at Concord and along the route back to Boston British forced to retreat Minutemen used guerrilla tactics 273 British soldiers killed 88 Americans killed Old North Bridge

Minute Man Statue at Lexington Green
April 1775 Minutemen intercepted a British force of 700 in Lexington, MA to deny the British access to ammunition nearby. Shots were fired and a battle ensued.

Old North Bridge After engaging the minutemen in Lexington, the British moved on to Concord, Massachusetts, where they were confronted at the North Bridge by several hundred colonists. The British ultimately withdrew.

A View of the Town of Concord
Artist unknown c. 1775 Redcoats drill on Concord Green near where colonial militiamen soon would repel their advance on stores of rebel gunpowder.

A View of the Town of Concord, 1775
In 1775 an unknown artist painted the redcoats entering Concord. The fighting at North Bridge, which occurred just a few hours after this triumphal entry, signaled the start of open warfare between Britain and the colonies.

American Revolution Background

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