1. Teacher Silvino Sieben 2nd grade HS

2. What are modal verbs? Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very differently from normal verbs. They cannot act alone as the main verb in a sentence. Modal verbs are used to express ideas such as possibility, intention, obligation and necessity.

3. A modal verb always has the same form: There is no past form (-ed), no present participle (-ing) and no 3rd persons singular (-s). Modal verbs come before the subject in questions: example: "May I come to your house for tea?" Negative forms: Modal verbs have n't or not after them in the negative. example: "mustn't" - "needn't". Some basic characteristics of modals:

4. Can We use “can” to say that someone has the ability or opportunity to do something: Can you speak English fluently? It’s nice tonight. We can go for a swim.

5. Could “Could” is the past tense of can. It is also more polite. It is less sure. Could you do me a favor? I could swim 10 km continuously when I was young.

6. May “May indicates possibility or permission in a formal way. Things may chance soon. May I ask you something?

7. Might May indicates remote possibility. It might rain tomorrow. He might come to the party.

8. Must "Must" is most commonly used to express certainty. It can also be used to express necessity or strong recommendation, although native speakers prefer the more flexible form "have to." "Must not" can be used to prohibit actions, but this sounds very severe.

9. This must be the right address! certainty Students must pass an entrance examination to study at this school. necessity You must take some medicine for that cough. strong recommendation Jenny, you must not play in the street! prohibition Examples:

10. Have to "Have to" is used to express certainty, necessity, and obligation. Examples: This answer has to be correct. certainty The soup has to be stirred continuously to prevent burning. necessity They have to leave early. obligation

11. Do not have to" vs. "Must not“ : "Do not have to" vs. "Must not“ "Do not have to" suggests that someone is not required to do something. "Must not" suggests that you are prohibited from doing something. Examples:  You must not eat that. It is forbidden, it is not allowed.  You don't have to eat that. You can if you want to, but it is not necessary.

12. Should/Ought to "Should/Ought to" is most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as expectation. Examples:  When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Potsdam. recommendation  You ought to focus more on your family and less on work. advice

13. Phrasal Modals To be able toTo be able to – expresses ability Ex: She is able to paint with her foot. Do you mind ifDo you mind if – permission in a delicate situation Ex: Do you mind if he sings out loud? Would you mind + gerundWould you mind + gerund – requests Ex: Would you mind moving your feet?

14. Any doubts??